Developmental rates of embryos of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in response to various levels of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water exchange

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1912-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hamor ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Lower Temperature

Embryos of Atlantic salmon. Salmo salur L., were incubated from fertilization to completion of hatching at 5 and 10 °C, at 20, 50, and 100% air-saturation, and at several rates of water exchange from 0.2 to 15 ml/s. Developmental rate to various structural stages, expressed as the reciprocal of time units, and hatching time were significantly controlled by temperature, oxygen supply, and rate of water exchange. Survival during embryogenesis and during the hatching period were limited primarily by oxygen supply and secondarily by water exchange, both having highly significant effects. The effect of temperature ranked third but was also statistically significant. Lower temperature reduced the rate of development and enhanced survival through hutching. Developmental rate and survival increased directly with increasing concentration of dissolved oxygen and with increasing rate of water exchange.

Size relations and yolk utilization in embryonated ova and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in various combinations of temperature and dissolved oxygen

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1892-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hamor ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Yolk Utilization ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
C 30

Relations among weight (W), surface (S), and volume (V) for freshly fertilized water-hardened Atlantic salmon ova from 5 to 7 mm in diameter are: S = log V2/3, S = 1.21 log W, and V = W/1.2.Fresh weights remained relatively constant from fertilization to the establishment of blood vessels in the yolk sac. Subsequently, there was a rapid increase to 110%, followed by a gradual decline to 105% shortly before hatching. Large blastodiscs weighed 1.2 mg and embryonal weight increased very gradually until late prehatching stages, when growth was accelerated rapidly. Embryos, at hatching, after continuous incubation at 5 and 10°C and three levels of dissolved oxygen, varied from 22.1 mg (5 °C, 100% air saturation) to 11.9 mg (5 °C. 30%) and From 14.5 mg (10 °C. 100%) to 10.0 mg (10 °C, 30%).Cumulative and mean daily yolk depletion declined with lowered oxygen supply, but they were considerably greater at 10 °C than at 5 °C. Gross conversion ratios (including uptake of exogenous materials) indicate that yolk is used more efficiently at 5 °C, and 100% air saturation. Alevins, kept in their original environments, became more efficient than they were in their encapsulated state, and, at 10 °C. 100% air saturation, they overtook those at 5 °C before the completion of yolk absorption. Those in lower oxygen supplies continued to lag, at both temperatures.

Potential for domesticated–wild interbreeding to induce maladaptive phenology across multiple populations of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Cóilín Minto ◽  
Anna M. Calvert ◽  
James D. Eddington ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Developmental Rates

We report how aquaculture may negatively alter a critical phenological trait (developmental rate) linked to survival in wild fish populations. At the southern limit of the species range in eastern North America, the persistence of small Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations may be constrained by interbreeding with farmed salmon that escape regularly from intensive aquaculture facilities. Using a common-garden experimental protocol implemented over an 8-year period, we show that embryos of farmed salmon and multigenerational farmed–wild hybrids (F1, F2, wild backcrosses) had slower developmental rates than those of two regional wild populations. In certain cases, our data suggest that hybrid developmental rates are sufficiently mismatched to prevailing environmental conditions that they would have reduced survival in the wild. This implies that repeated farmed–wild interbreeding could adversely affect wild populations. Our results therefore reaffirm previous recommendations that based on the precautionary principle, improved strategies are needed to prevent, or to substantially minimize, escapes of aquaculture fishes into wild environments.

Behaviour of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the estuary of the River Ribble in relation to variations in dissolved oxygen and tidal flow

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (sa) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Priede ◽  
J. F. de L. G. Solbe ◽  
J. E. Nott ◽  
K. T. O'Grady ◽  
D. Cragg-Hine
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Tidal Flow ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Parr–Smolt Transformation of Yearling Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Several Rearing Temperatures

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1189-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Johnston ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Thermal Effluent ◽  
Thermal Regimes

Six different rearing conditions were used to study the effect of temperature on seasonal changes in growth, condition factor, body silvering, body moisture and lipid content, salinity tolerance, and gill Na–K-ATPase activities of laboratory and pond-reared yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Growth during the winter was greatest at the highest rearing temperature (16 °C) whereas those under simulated natural conditions grew slowest. Increasing temperatures in the spring stimulated growth more than constant temperature. Based on increased salinity tolerance, elevated ATPase activity, and growth in salt water, smolt development proceeded at all temperatures up to 16 °C. More smolts were produced in the high thermal regimes resulting in the best growth and the largest proportion of fish reaching smolt size. Unlike some Pacific salmonids, Atlantic salmon develop smolt status at temperatures as high as 16 °C. Yearling smolts can be produced at elevated temperatures and the use of thermal effluents for this purpose is promising.Key words: smoltification, smolt criteria, salinity tolerance, ATPase activity, rearing temperatures, elevated thermal regimes, thermal effluent, Salmo salar

Hourly and total oxygen consumption by ova of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during embryogenesis, at two temperatures and three levels of dissolved oxygen

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1196-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hamor ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Two Temperatures

Weighted mean hourly rates of oxygen consumption in embryonated ova of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during embryogenesis, were reduced significantly by levels of dissolved oxygen below air saturation and by a temperature of 5 °C, relative to those for ova incubated at 10 °C. Total oxygen consumption during embryogenesis also was reduced significantly by the lower levels of dissolved oxygen, but not by temperature. The decrease in the pace of embryogenesis in the lots of ova at 5 °C extended the developmental time so that the lower rate of oxygen uptake was offset. Thus, within each level of dissolved oxygen there was no appreciable difference in the products of time units and units of oxygen uptake. At 5 °C, 100% air saturation, mean hourly uptake was 0.0141 mg O2/ovum, and total uptake was 28.153 mg O2/ovum. At 10 °C, 100% air saturation, these values were 0.0270 mg O2/ovum, and 27.974 mg O2/ovum, respectively. Values for ova incubated at 50 and 30% air saturation were correspondingly lower.

Muscle development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos and the effect of temperature on muscle cellularity

1994 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Usher ◽  
N. C. Stickland ◽  
J. E. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

An assessment of immunostimulants as Mx inducers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr and the effect of temperature on the kinetics of Mx responses

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
I SALINAS ◽  
K LOCKHART ◽  
T BOWDEN ◽  
B COLLET ◽  
C SECOMBES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals The effects of swimming exercise and dissolved oxygen on growth performance, fin condition and precocious maturation of early-rearing Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 801-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Waldrop ◽  
Steven Summerfelt ◽  
Patricia Mazik ◽  
Christopher Good
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Early Rearing

Seasonal Depth Distributions of Landlocked Atlantic Salmon, Brook Trout, Landlocked Alewives, and American Smelt in a Small Lake

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1656-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Depth Distributions

Seasonal depth distributions of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), landlocked alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), and American smelt (Osmerus mordax) were determined monthly in Echo Lake, Maine, using vertical and horizontal gillnets.Salmon were wide-ranging fish, but generally not captured in very shallow or very deep water. Brook trout were primarily an inshore species, not often captured in water deeper than 25 ft, and nearly always found close to the lake bottom. The majority of captured alewives were taken from shallow to middepths (0–30 ft) in summer and fall and in deep water during winter and spring. Smelts were widely distributed, but the majority were captured in water deeper than 30 ft every month.No clear temperature or dissolved oxygen preference could be shown for any of the four species.

Developmental divergence among hatchery strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). II. Hybrids

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
Roy G. Danzmann ◽  
Fred W. Allendorf
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Reciprocal Hybrids ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Developmental Divergence ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

The developmental rates of first generation hybrids between six closely related hatchery strains of rainbow trout are compared using hatching time, morphology, and the pattern of ontogenetic change of four enzymes. Hybrid developmental rates can not be explained by additive genetic effects. Nine of 14 hybrid types developed slower than their maternal parent. These results are consistent with a hypothesis of regulatory divergence between the hybridizing strains. Heterotic effects were observed in five hybrid groups in that hybrids developed faster than their maternal parent. A strong dominance component was observed in the reciprocal hybrids of one strain. There was no association between the degree of perturbation of hybrid developmental rates and the genetic distance between hybridizing strains. Hybrids between more distantly related strains were no more delayed in their development than those from closely related strains.Key words: developmental rate, rainbow trout, hybrids, gene regulation.

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