Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) density, growth, mortality, and movement in two Lake Michigan tributaries

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Carl
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Pine Creek ◽  
Mortality Estimates ◽  
Overall Mortality

Spawning density and the time of spawning (October) were similar in two tributaries of Lake Michigan in 1977 and 1978. Drift of recently emerged fry began in April and continued into June. During 1977–1979, the density of chinook salmon juveniles increased rapidly in early May to 0.3–2.9 fish/m2 and then declined to 0.2–0.8 fish/m2 by late June when most of the fish smolted. Instantaneous mortality estimates were variable between years and sites in both creeks, but overall mortality was similar in both streams with an average daily rate of 0.024 for Baldwin Creek and 0.025 for Pine Creek. A regression of the mortality rates versus initial density indicated the mortality rates were dependent on the initial fry density. There was no correlation between an index of spawner density and the number of smolts produced. No correlation was found between initial resident fry density and emergent fry colonization. Size-selective mortality was indicated in some stream sections. The daily growth rates for fish in both streams varied between 0.28 and 1.01 mm per day. These rates were similar to or higher than rates reported in the literature from other stocks of chinook salmon on the west coast of North America and Lake Ontario.

Examining the potential of otolith chemistry to determine natal origins of wild Lake Michigan Chinook salmon

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2035-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Maguffee ◽  
Reneé Reilly ◽  
Richard Clark ◽  
Michael L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Otolith Microchemistry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Scale

Previous research has demonstrated a large movement of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan, suggesting the potential for wild fish to exhibit similar movement patterns. We assessed the feasibility of using otolith microchemistry to estimate the natal source composition of wild Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan and evaluate interbasin movement. Otolith pairs were extracted from juvenile and adult fish collected in 2015 and 2016 from Great Lakes tributaries. Otoliths were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine trace element concentrations, and four multivariate classification algorithms were evaluated for classification accuracy. Juvenile data reclassified to their natal regions with up to 89% success on a basin level, with a random forest approach performing the best among all models. Assigning adults to their natal origins resulted in more success on a basin-wide scale (74% to 88%) compared with a regional scale (32% to 51%), but success was still below juvenile reclassification accuracy. Our findings suggest that otolith microchemistry can be used to estimate wild Chinook salmon interbasin movement and that classification accuracy can be improved by matching juvenile and adult year classes in our assessment samples. Ultimately, we intend to use these models to assess the effects of wild Chinook salmon interbasin movement on Lake Michigan predatory demand and evaluate the risks of various stocking alternatives.

Effects of pH on the early development and growth and otolith microstructure of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Geen ◽  
J. D. Neilson ◽  
M. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs, alevins, and fry were reared in pH 4.5, 5.0. 5.5, 6.2 (control), and 7.0 water from the eyed stage of development. Survival through hatching was >90% in all instances. Alevin mortality was high at pH 4.5 and 5.0. Fry were more tolerant of low pH than alevins. Growth rates of alevins and fry held at or above pH 5.0 and 4.5, respectively, were not affected by pH, nor did exposure to acidic water retard otolith development or result in their resorption. One otolith daily growth increment was formed every 24 h in alevins and fry irrespective of pH. Widths of otolith daily growth increments decreased when fry were transferred to pH 4.5 water and increased on their return to higher pH indicating changes in growth rate. Transfer of fry from pH 6.2 to pH 5.0 or 5.5 had no effect on increment widths.

Otoliths of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Daily Growth Increments and Factors Influencing Their Production

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1340-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Neilson ◽  
Glen H. Geen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Increment Width ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Otolith Increment

The effects of photoperiod, feeding frequency, and water temperature on formation of otolith daily growth increments in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined. Feeding frequency influenced both increment number and width, whereas photoperiod and temperature affected only increment width. Fish fed once/24 h produced one increment every 24 h on average, while fish fed 4 times/24 h produced more than one increment every 24 h. Wider increments were produced in fish exposed to warmer water (11 °C) or 24 h of darkness. The ratio of otolith size to fish size remained constant throughout and between the photoperiod, temperature, and feeding frequency experiments, regardless of the number or width of increments produced. Although otolith growth is isometric with respect to increase in fish length under these experimental regimes, otolith microstructure will differ in fish of the same size reared under different environmental conditions. An understanding of factors affecting otolith increment production is required before increment number and width can be used to assess growth rates.Key words: otolith, daily, growth increments, chinook salmon

Evaluation of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bioenergetics model

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P Madenjian ◽  
Daniel V O'Connor ◽  
Sergei M Chernyak ◽  
Richard R Rediske ◽  
James P O'Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Bioenergetics Model

We evaluated the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in both the laboratory and the field. Chinook salmon in laboratory tanks were fed alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), the predominant food of chinook salmon in Lake Michigan. Food consumption and growth by chinook salmon during the experiment were measured. To estimate the efficiency with which chinook salmon retain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from their food in the laboratory, PCB concentrations of the alewife and of the chinook salmon at both the beginning and end of the experiment were determined. Based on our laboratory evaluation, the bioenergetics model was furnishing unbiased estimates of food consumption by chinook salmon. Additionally, from the laboratory experiment, we calculated that chinook salmon retained 75% of the PCBs contained within their food. In an earlier study, assimilation rate of PCBs to chinook salmon from their food in Lake Michigan was estimated at 53%, thereby suggesting that the model was substantially overestimating food consumption by chinook salmon in Lake Michigan. However, we concluded that field performance of the model could not be accurately assessed because PCB assimilation efficiency is dependent on feeding rate, and feeding rate of chinook salmon was likely much lower in our laboratory tanks than in Lake Michigan.

Bioassay-Derived 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Equivalents in PCB-Containing Extracts from the Flesh and Eggs of Lake Michigan Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Possible Implications for Reproduction

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1685-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Ankley ◽  
Donald E. Tillitt ◽  
John P. Giesy ◽  
Paul D. Jones ◽  
David A. Verbrugge
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dorsal Muscle ◽  
Tetrachlorodibenzo P Dioxin

Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), derived via the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay, were measured in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) containing extracts of flesh (dorsal muscle) and egg samples from 10 spawning chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Michigan. There was a marked maternal transfer of both TCDD-EQ and PCBs, and potency of the PCB mixture (expressed as picograms of TCDD-EQ per microgram of PCB) in eggs was 2.5 times greater than potency of the PCB mixture in dorsal muscle of the fish. There was a statistically significant, inverse relationship between the total concentration of PCBs in eggs and hatching success of the fish, with an effect concentration that corresponded to approximately 100 pg TCDD-EQ/g egg. Our results, based on a relatively small sample size, suggest that PCBs, in particular those with TCDD-type activity, may have influenced reproductive success of the fish.

The Harmful Phytoplankter Chaetoceros concavicornis Causes High Mortalities and Leucopenia in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2493-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. Yang ◽  
L. J. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Mortality Rates

Chaetoceros concavicornis is a harmful phytoplankter that occurs in many temperate coastal seawaters and can cause fin fish mortalities when present at concentrations as low as 5 cells∙mL−1. At even lower concentrations, this diatom can stress salmonids to such an extent that they may express a disease to which they are most prone at the time of C. concavicornis exposure. We report mortality rates of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) exposed to different concentrations of C. concavicornis. Our data indicate that in the presence of harmful concentrations of C. concavicornis, blood hematocrit and erythrocyte, glucose, and lactate concentrations of yearling chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) increase. The microridges of the primary lamellae decreased in prominence in the presence of harmful concentrations of this phytoplankter, while the goblet cells became more prominent and more numerous. Neutrophil, lymphocyte, and thrombocyte concentrations in the blood became depleted. These data suggest that suppression of a portion of the Chinook's immune system is occurring which may partially explain the earlier observation that salmonids cultured in the presence of harmful C. concavicornis phytoplankton became more susceptible to disease, including Vibrio infections.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Chinook salmon exhibit long-term rearing and early marine growth in the Fraser River, B.C., a large urban estuary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Chalifour ◽  
David C Scott ◽  
Misty MacDuffee ◽  
Steven Stark ◽  
John F Dower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Estuarine Habitat ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Brackish Marshes ◽  
Saline Habitats

Estuaries represent a transition zone for salmon migrating from freshwater to marine waters, yet their contribution to juvenile growth is poorly quantified. Here, we use genetic stock identification and otolith analyses to quantify estuarine habitat use by Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) – the Pacific salmon species considered most reliant on this habitat – in Canada’s most productive salmon river, the Fraser. Two years of sampling revealed subyearling migrant (“ocean-type”) Chinook from the Harrison River to be the estuary’s dominant salmon population throughout the emigration period. These Chinook salmon were caught predominantly in the estuary’s brackish marshes but shifted to more saline habitats as they grew. Otolith analyses indicated that these Chinook salmon have wide-ranging entry timing (from February to May), and longer estuarine residency (weeks to months, mean 41.8 days) than estimated by prior studies, but similar daily growth rates (mean 0.57 mm +/- 0.13 SD) across entry dates and residency periods, implying sufficient foraging opportunities throughout the emigration period and habitats. Together, these results suggest that estuarine habitat is more important for early marine growth of subyearling migrant Chinook salmon than previously recognized.

Differences in otolith microstructure between hatchery-reared and wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zhang ◽  
R. J. Beamish ◽  
B. E. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Growth Increments

Otolith microstructure exhibited some characteristic differences between hatchery-reared and wild chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Cowichan River. Daily growth increments that formed in the otoliths of the hatchery-reared chinook salmon after exogenous feeding were more regular in width and contrast than those in the otoliths of wild chinook salmon. In addition, otoliths from hatchery-reared individuals frequently produced a check when the fish were released from the hatchery. Eighty-nine percent of a sample of 67 chinook smolts that had been coded-wire tagged in hatcheries and later captured in the Strait of Georgia were correctly identified as originating from hatcheries based on otolith microstructure. These tagged fish originated from at least 17 different hatcheries, indicating that the method could be used to identify chinook salmon originating from other hatcheries.

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