Fish embryo culture: cardiac monolayers and contractile activity in embryo explants from the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 878-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Willer Laale
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Fish Embryo ◽  
Embryo Cultures ◽  
Culture Substrate ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cardiac Mesoderm

Stage 16+ axial isolates from embryos of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan), were separated from their yolk spheres and epidermis. Rhombencephalic level explants, with intact bilateral cardiac rudiments, were maintained in nutrient medium for 20 days at 24 ± 2 °C. All embryo cultures became attached to the culture substrate and underwent subsequent differentiation. Ten out of 25 explants showed bilateral migrations of determined but initially undifferentiated cardiac mesoderm. The progressive structural and functional differentiation of zebrafish cardiac monolayers and intact rudiments are described for the first time.

Fish embryo culture: observations on axial cord differentiation in presomitic isolates of the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1710-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans W. Laale
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Fish Embryo ◽  
Fish Embryos ◽  
Meristic Variation

Eighteen pre- and post-rhombencephalic axial isolates from zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, presomitic embryos divested of epidermis and yolk were maintained in a nutrient medium for 14 days at 24 ± 2 °C. The paper focuses on the differentiation of the notochord and metamerism of axial somites in culture. The technique is proposed as a possible means for studying parameters pertaining to meristic variation in developing fish embryos.

Fish embryo culture: rhombencephalic neuritic outgrowth in explanted axial cords from the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3215-3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans W. Laale
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Fish Embryo ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Neuritic Outgrowth ◽  
Close Contacts

Fifteen stage 17 axial cords from the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio were stripped of epidermis and separated from their yolk spheres. Posterior halves, from the mid-rhombencephalic level to the caudal knob, were maintained in nutrient medium for 30 days at 24 ± 2 °C. The study describes preliminary observations on rhombencephalic neuritic outgrowth and associations with non-neural cells from 7 to 30 days of culture. Nerve fiber bundles increased in number and complexity with time and displayed heterogeneous branching behaviour. Frequent multiple close contacts with individual non-neural cells were observed, but selectivity of attraction to specific target cells was not verified. The findings are compared with similar contacts reported for mammalian tissues in vitro.

Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of Earthworms: Part I. The Process of Copulation and Exchange of Sperms in Eutyphoeus waltoni Mich

1927 ◽  
Vol s2-71 (283) ◽  
pp. 479-502
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spermathecal Duct ◽  
Prostatic Fluid ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Male Genital

1. The method of exchange of the seminal fluid in Eutyphoeus is very simple and direct as compared with the elaborate process in Lumbricus. No intermediate structures like the clitellum and temporary seminal grooves take part in the process in Eutyphoeus. 2. During sexual congress, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that the spermathecal apertures (7/8) of one are apposed to the penial segment (seventeenth) of the other and vice versa. 3. The male ‘genital pits’ are everted to form ‘genital cups’ and the penis is protruded. The genital cups produce a suction on the area of skin surrounding the spermathecal pores of the co-operating worm, and thus cause the formation of spermathecal papillae. In this way a ‘peg and socket’ joint is formed at four places in a copulating pair and, at each joint, the attachment is intimate, the genital cup closely embracing the spermathecal papilla and the penis penetrating the spermathecal duct. 4. There is a further attachment between the ventral surfaces of the two worms by means of permanent copulating papillae and temporary integumentary outgrowths. 5. The function of the penis as an intromittent organ in Eutyphoeus has been elucidated for the first time and a distinction has been made between ‘functional’ and ‘reserve’ penial setae. 6. The exchange of sperms is mutual. The penes inject both spermatic and prostatic fluids into the spermathecae. The sperms are invariably found in the diverticula and not in the ampulla, which probably contains a secretion of its own epithelium. There is some evidence to believe that the prostatic fluid serves a nutrient medium for the sperms in the seminal chambers of the diverticula.

scholarly journals The Influence of Bee Venom Melittin on the Functioning of the Immune System and the Contractile Activity of the Insect Heart—A Preliminary Study

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lubawy ◽  
Arkadiusz Urbański ◽  
Lucyna Mrówczyńska ◽  
Eliza Matuszewska ◽  
Agata Światły-Błaszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Positive Effect

Melittin (MEL) is a basic polypeptide originally purified from honeybee venom. MEL exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activity. However, almost all studies on MEL activity have been carried out on vertebrate models or cell lines. Recently, due to cheap breeding and the possibility of extrapolating the results of the research to vertebrates, insects have been used for various bioassays and comparative physiological studies. For these reasons, it is valuable to examine the influence of melittin on insect physiology. Here, for the first time, we report the immunotropic and cardiotropic effects of melittin on the beetle Tenebrio molitor as a model insect. After melittin injection at 10−7 M and 10−3 M, the number of apoptotic cells in the haemolymph increased in a dose-dependent manner. The pro-apoptotic action of MEL was likely compensated by increasing the total number of haemocytes. However, the injection of MEL did not cause any changes in the percent of phagocytic haemocytes or in the phenoloxidase activity. In an in vitro bioassay with a semi-isolated Tenebrio heart, MEL induced a slight chronotropic-positive effect only at a higher concentration (10−4 M). Preliminary results indicated that melittin exerts pleiotropic effects on the functioning of the immune system and the endogenous contractile activity of the heart. Some of the induced responses in T. molitor resemble the reactions observed in vertebrate models. Therefore, the T. molitor beetle may be a convenient invertebrate model organism for comparative physiological studies and for the identification of new properties and mechanisms of action of melittin and related compounds.

scholarly journals 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces terminal differentiation of leukemic blasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemias

Blood ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinto ◽  
V Attadia ◽  
A Fusco ◽  
F Ferrara ◽  
OA Spada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
In Vitro Differentiation ◽  
Myeloid Leukemias ◽  
Human Leukemic Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract In this study, the effects of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on differentiation of human leukemic cells in primary suspension culture are reported for the first time. Morphological and functional differentiation was induced in cells from two acute monoblastic leukemias and two of three acute myeloid leukemias following repeated exposures to 1 mumol/L 5-aza- 2′-deoxycytidine. The observation that nontoxic concentrations of the drug are able to induce the in vitro differentiation of both monoblastic and myeloblastic leukemic cells into mature elements may encourage the exploitation of the differentiating properties of 5-aza- 2′-deoxycytidine in chemotherapy protocols for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemias.

In vitro primary spreading and dissociation of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, blastoderm-derived embryonic epidermis

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans W. Laale
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Initial Attachment ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Membrane Formation ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour

Blastoderm isolates from Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) blastulas were maintained in nutrient medium for up to 40 days. Of 120 blastoderm isolates cultured 75% showed initial attachment and underwent major changes in adhesive properties affecting aggregative and locomotory behaviour. Of the attached blastoderm isolates, 70% differentiated into embryos of varying degrees of organization and all exhibited subsequent primary membrane formation and spreading. The paper, covering the first 18 days of culture, focuses on the phenomenon of primary membrane spread formation, dissociation, and its associated cell types. A discussion of the relevant literature is provided.

scholarly journals The effects of chronic muscle use and disuse on cardiolipin metabolism

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Ostojić ◽  
Michael F. N. O'Leary ◽  
Kaustabh Singh ◽  
Keir J. Menzies ◽  
Anna Vainshtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
Phospholipid Scramblase ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Knockout Animals ◽  
First Time

Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid that maintains the integrity of mitochondrial membranes. We previously demonstrated that CL content increases with chronic muscle use, and decreases with denervation-induced disuse. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we measured the mRNA expression of 1) CL synthesis enzymes cardiolipin synthase (CLS) and CTP:PA-cytidylyltransferase-1 (CDS-1); 2) remodeling enzymes tafazzin and acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 (ALCAT1); and 3) outer membrane CL enzymes, mitochondrial phospholipase D and phospholipid scramblase 3 (Plscr3), during chronic contractile activity (CCA)-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and denervation. With CCA, CDS-1 expression increased by 128%, parelleling CL levels. Surprisingly, denervation also led to large increases in CDS-1 and CLS, despite a decrease in mitochondria, possibly due to a compensatory mechanism to restore lost CL. ALCAT1 decreased by 32% with CCA, but increased by 290% following denervation, indicating that both CCA and denervation alter CL remodeling. CCA and denervation also elicited 60–90% increases in Plscr3, likely to facilitate CL movement to the outer membrane. The expression of these genes was not affected by aging, but changes due to CCA and denervation were attenuated compared with young animals. The absence of PPARγ coactivator-1α in knockout animals led to a decrease in CDS-1 and an increase in ALCAT1 mRNA levels, implicating PGC-1α in regulating both CL synthesis and remodeling. These data suggest that chronic muscle use and disuse modify the expression of mRNAs encoding CL metabolism enzymes. Our data also illustrate, for the first time, that PPARγ coactivator-1α regulates the CL metabolism pathway in muscle.

scholarly journals 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces terminal differentiation of leukemic blasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemias

Blood ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinto ◽  
V Attadia ◽  
A Fusco ◽  
F Ferrara ◽  
OA Spada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
In Vitro Differentiation ◽  
Myeloid Leukemias ◽  
Human Leukemic Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Acute Myeloid

In this study, the effects of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on differentiation of human leukemic cells in primary suspension culture are reported for the first time. Morphological and functional differentiation was induced in cells from two acute monoblastic leukemias and two of three acute myeloid leukemias following repeated exposures to 1 mumol/L 5-aza- 2′-deoxycytidine. The observation that nontoxic concentrations of the drug are able to induce the in vitro differentiation of both monoblastic and myeloblastic leukemic cells into mature elements may encourage the exploitation of the differentiating properties of 5-aza- 2′-deoxycytidine in chemotherapy protocols for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemias.

In vitro secondary spreading from dissociating blastoderm-derived embryonic tissues of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans W. Laale
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Membrane Formation ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Substrate Modification ◽  
Culture Substrate ◽  
Epidermal Membrane ◽  
Medium Conditioning

Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) blastoderm-derived embryos, deprived of their epidermis in in vitro culture, dissociate and their tissues disperse radially upon the culture substrate. The phenomenon, referred to as secondary spreading, follows primary epidermal membrane formation and dissociation and spans a period from 18 days to 40 days of culture at 24 °C.Secondary spreads and associated cell types and cellular phenomena are described, and medium conditioning, substrate modification, degeneration, and necrosis are discussed.

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