Intra- and inter-specific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in Salmo: rainbow, steelhead, and cutthroat trouts

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2088-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Wilson ◽  
W. Kelley Thomas ◽  
Andrew T. Beckenbach
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
Clonal Lines

Two forms of Salmo gairdneh with different life histories (steelhead and rainbow trout) were compared using restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. A total of 19 individuals from four populations were studied for each of the two forms, using 14 restriction enzymes. In addition, five cutthroat trout samples were included as an interspecific comparison. These enzymes revealed a total of 81 cut sites, representing a sample of more than 400 nucleotides per fish. Of these sites, 25 were phylogenetically informative, dividing the 43 fish into 10 clonal lines, 8 Salmo gairdneri and 2 Salmo clarki. Results indicated detectable divergence between all geographic populations of steelhead and rainbow trout except Pennask rainbow trout, Coquihalla steelhead, and Wampus Creek rainbow trout. Other steelhead populations analysed showed a closer phylogenetic relationship to each other than to rainbow trout populations analysed. Intraspecific divergence was in most cases 1% or less, with a 1.5% maximum. Interspecific divergence between S. gairdneri and S. clarki was between 2% and 3.5%.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Pacific salmonid evolution

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kelley Thomas ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
Andrew T. Beckenbach
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Closely Related Species

The salmonids of Pacific North America are a group of closely related species with complex life histories and interesting distribution. Previous studies of their evolution and population structure have involved classical morphological and genetic techniques. We have analysed both intra- and inter-specific variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences of the five North American species of the genus Oncorhynchus and the rainbow trout species, Salmo gairdneri. Cleavage sites for 13 different restriction enzymes were sampled, comparing an average of 48 sites per individual, or approximately 1.7% of the genome. No obvious size variation in the 16 500 ± 500 base pair length was observed. Levels of intraspecific variation detected in the chum salmon and rainbow trout were 0.24 ± 0.23 and 0.45 ± 0.26%, respectively. This variation was population specific; no variation was detected within any of the populations sampled, suggesting the existence of population substructuring. Estimates of divergence between species range from 2.46 ± 0.72% in the coho–chinook salmon comparison to 6.88 ± 1.27% between coho and chum salmon. The phylogenetic relationship among these species, based on the levels of sequence divergence, organizes the species into three distinct groups. One group includes the pink and chum salmon while a second group contains the coho and chinook salmon, as well as the rainbow trout. The sockeye salmon are distinct from both groups. Although most of these results are in accordance with classical analyses, the relationship of the rainbow trout to the coho and chinook salmon suggests different interpretations of the evolution of life histories and morphological traits in these closely related species.

Food Specialization By Individual Trout

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bryan ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Repeated Observation ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Analyses of stomach contents showed that the kinds of prey eaten by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were seldom distributed at random among the individuals. Repeated observation of food eaten by individuals in a stream and ponds showed that prey types were eaten in proportions which were characteristic for an individual.Specialization occurred on several different kinds of prey. Although the degree of specialization was higher during shorter intervals, the data suggested that some specialization persisted for half a year. There were no striking correlations between degree of specialization and other individual properties such as size, growth rate, weight of food, number of food items, previous specialization, or area of recapture.In addition to the observations on trout in relatively undisturbed habitats, a field experiment was conducted using laboratory-reared rainbow trout held in small ponds. The food of each trout in the experiment was sampled repeatedly. In analysis of variance, interaction among the individuals and kinds of prey eaten showed that food specialization occurred. Both the absolute and relative abundance of potential prey were constant during the experiment.

Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Cutthroat Trout (S. clarki) Interactions in Coastal British Columbia Lakes

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1228-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils-Arvid Nilsson ◽  
Thomas G. Northcote
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Food Size ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Trout Feeding

Food, size, and growth of 17 allopatric and 10 sympatric lake populations of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat trout (S. clarki) were compared as well as their aggressive behavior during feeding in experimental tanks. In allopatry, rainbow trout fed extensively on benthic, midwater, and surface prey. Allopatric cutthroat utilized mostly midwater prey but in contrast with rainbow trout also fish (Cottus, Gasterosteus) when available. In sympatry, rainbow trout exploited mainly limnetic surface and midwater prey whereas cutthroat trout utilized more littoral prey and were much more piscivorous in feeding. Allopatric rainbow attained a greater average and maximum size (length, weight) than allopatric cutthroat whereas in sympatric populations cutthroat were clearly larger than rainbow. Growth (size at specific ages) usually was higher for rainbow compared with cutthroat trout in allopatric populations but just the reverse in sympatric populations. When held as matched pairs in aquaria, rainbow consistently were more aggressive than cutthroat trout and displayed different patterns of threat as well as means of prey capture. Differences in feeding and growth in sympatry may result from interactive segregation, the more pronounced aggressiveness of rainbow promoting higher growth in cutthroat trout.Key words: rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, feeding, growth, habitat, aggressive behavior, feeding behavior, interactive segregation

Discrimination among Atlantic Coast Populations of American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Using Mitochondrial DNA

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1724-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Nolan ◽  
Joseph Grossfield ◽  
Isaac Wirgin
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Shad ◽  
Alosa Sapidissima ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
Latitudinal Clines

We used restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to differentiate among spawning stocks of American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Highly purified mtDNA was isolated from shad from four major spawning rivers: the St. John's (Florida), the Delaware, and the Hudson in the United States and the Miramichi in New Brunswick, Canada. Primarily four-and-five-base-cutting restriction enzymes were used to prepare both individual enzyme profiles and composite genotypes. Three separate spawning stocks, St. John's, Delaware–Hudson, and Miramichi, could be distinguished based on frequency differences in mtDNA genotypes generated by single restriction enzyme digests. We could not distinguish Delaware from Hudson River shad. Only a single definitive restriction site polymorphism was observed among all samples, but polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility variants were common. Eco RI, Dde I, and Rsa I revealed stock-specific mtDNA genotypes. The frequencies of some genotypes occurred in latitudinal clines. Fifty-seven of 81 fish showed individual-specific composite genotypes. Geographic partitioning of genotypes suggests that mtDNA analysis may be useful for the identification of some American shad stocks and their relative contributions to mixed coastal fisheries.

Changes in the visual pigments of trout

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
William N. McFarland ◽  
Frederick W. Munz ◽  
Hugh A. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canopy Access

The proportions of two visual pigments (rhodopsin and porphyropsin) were examined in four species of trout under experimental and natural conditions. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have different relative proportions of visual pigments in their retinae. The visual pigment balance in wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) is related to forest canopy (access to light) and season. The brown trout have a more red-sensitive and less labile pair of visual pigments than brook or rainbow trout, which respond to photic conditions by increasing the proportion of porphyropsin (in light) and increasing rhodopsin (in darkness). The brown trout have a high percentage of porphyropsin, regardless of experimental conditions. This result does not reflect an inability to form rhodopsin but rather may relate to a consistently high proportion of 3-dehydroretinol in the pigment epithelium. The possible advantages and mechanisms of environmental control of trout visual pigment absorbance, as currently understood, are discussed.

scholarly journals EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FIVE SUBSPECIES OF MUS MUSCULUS BASED ON RESTRICTION ENZYME CLEAVAGE PATTERNS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-816
Author(s):  
Hiromichi Yonekawa ◽  
Kazuo Moriwaki ◽  
Osamu Gotoh ◽  
Jun-Ichi Hayashi ◽  
Junko Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Restriction Enzyme ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enzyme Cleavage ◽  
The Times

ABSTRACT The intra- and intersubspecific genetic distances between five subspecies of Mus musculus were estimated from restriction enzyme cleavage patterns or maps of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The European subspecies, M. m. domesticus and Asian subspecies, M. m. bactrianus, M. m. castaneus, M. m. molossinus and M. m. urbanus were examined. For each subspecies, except M. m. urbanus, at least two local races from widely separated localities were examined. Intrasubspecific heterogeneity was found in the mtDNA cleavage patterns of M. m. bactrianus and M. m. castaneus. M. m. molossinus and M. m. domesticus, however, revealed no intrasubspecific heterogeneity. Four of the subspecies had distinct cleavage patterns. The fifth, M. m. urbanus, had cleavage patterns identical to those of M. m. castaneus with several enzymes. Estimates of genetic distances between the various races and subspecies were obtained by comparing cleavage maps of the mtDNAs with various restriction enzymes. Nucleotide sequence divergences of mtDNA between local races were estimated to be less than 0.4% in M. m. bactrianus and less than 0.3% in M. m. castaneus. The times of divergence of both subspecies were calculated to be 0.1-0.2 × 106 years. These values suggest that the intrasubspecific divergence began some 0.1-0.2 × 106 years ago. On the other hand, nucleotide sequence divergences between European subspecies M. m. domesticus and Asian subspecies M. m. bactrianus and M. m. castaneus were 7.1% and 5.8%, respectively. The times of divergence were calculated to be 2.1-2.6 × 106 years. Further, the nucleotide sequence divergence and time of divergence between M. m. molossinus and the other two Asian subspecies were comparable to those between M. m. molossinus and M. m. domesticus (about 3% and 1 × 106 years, respectively). These results suggest that M. m. molossinus is situated in a unique evolutionary position among Asian subspecies.

Electrophoretic Distinction of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), West-Slope Cutthroat Trout (S. clarki), and Their Hybrids

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Reinitz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Phosphoglucose Isomerase ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), west-slope cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and their F1 hybrids were electrophoretically examined for 13 different proteins. Of the 13 proteins, only phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) proved to be a reliable biochemical marker for the distinction of genetically pure samples of the two species. Only PGI provided an accurate means of identifying F1 hybrids between the species. This information could possibly be used to facilitate the stabilization and restoration of native populations of west-slope cutthroat trout in western Montana. Key words: rainbow trout, west-slope cutthroat trout, hybridization, electrophoresis, biochemical marker, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

scholarly journals Hybridization between Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout: Evidence from Biochemical Genetic Loci

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Eric Loudenslager ◽  
G. Gall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Cutthroat, Salmo clarki, and rainbow, Salmo gairdneri, trout are largely allopatric, closely related species. Where naturally sympatric ecological isolating mechanisms maintain species identity. However, the inland subspecies of cutthroat trout which did not evolve in sympatry with rainbows are thought to freely hybridize with rainbow trout which have been introduced for recreational purposes. Because of the mass introductions of rainbow trout fish managers have become increasingly concerned about the purity of the dwindling stocks of native cutthroats.

BKm minisatellite sequences are not sex associated but reveal DNA fingerprint polymorphisms in rainbow trout

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Lloyd ◽  
Mary J. Fields ◽  
Gary H. Thorgaard
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Agarose Gels ◽  
Outbred Strain ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Snake

GATA-GACA repetitive sequences first isolated from a female snake (termed BKm sequences) and associated with sex chromosomes in some species were hybridized to DNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Genomic DNA was studied from three groups of rainbow trout: (i) randomly selected males and females from an outbred group, (ii) androgenetic individuals from an inbred strain, and (iii) parents and offspring of an outbred strain. Three restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HaeIII, or HinfI) were used to digest the genomic DNA. The DNA was electrophoresed in agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes, and the GATA-GACA repetitive sequence probe was hybridized to this DNA. There was no evidence of sex-associated patterns of hybridization with the enzymes used. However, the sequences reveal DNA fingerprint polymorphisms which appear to be inherited in a stable manner.Key words: BKm, GATA-GACA repetitive sequences, DNA fingerprint, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Restriction site polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, stocks in Finland

Aquaculture ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula K. Palva ◽  
E.Tapio Palva
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Restriction Site ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Restriction Site Polymorphism
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