Nest tree use by primary cavity-nesting birds in south central British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alton S. Harestad ◽  
Dagmar G. Keisker

Heartwood decay was the most important factor in nest tree selection by primary cavity-nesting birds in the Interior Douglas-fir Biogeoclimatic Zone of British Columbia. Of 243 active nests, most were in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii × glauca) were not used for nesting. Strong excavators (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), and Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus)) preferred to nest in live trembling aspen with heartwood decay. Weak excavators (Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), and Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens)) preferred to nest in dead trees or dead tops of live trees. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker preferred to nest in trees larger than 30 cm diameter at breast height, and Pileated Woodpecker preferred trees larger than 40 cm diameter at breast height. No significant preference for nest tree diameter was detected for other species.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Martin ◽  
Kathryn E. H. Aitken ◽  
Karen L. Wiebe

Abstract The mixed forests of interior British Columbia, Canada, support a rich community of cavity nesters, accounting for about one-third of forest vertebrate species. For 20 cavity-nesting bird and six cavity-nesting mammal species, representing excavators and secondary cavity nesters, we measured nest-cavity and nest-tree characteristics over 8 years in Interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest ecosystems. There was overwhelming selection for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides); 95% of 1692 cavity nests were in aspen, which comprised only 15% of trees available. The full range of live and dead trees were used, but we observed a strong preference for live trees with decay (45% of nests) or dead trees (45% of nests). A cluster analysis based on tree and cavity characteristics divided the community into five groups, including large- and medium-sized woodpeckers and a group comprised mostly of weak excavators. A fourth group included Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus), the most abundant excavator, and the larger secondary cavity nesters. The final group contained the most aggressive and most abundant secondary cavity nesters. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), the most aggressive secondary cavity nester, occupied a narrower nest niche (in less-decayed trees with smaller entrances) relative to their size. Less-competitive excavators and secondary cavity nesters occupied wider nest niches in terms of tree decay class and cavity size. We constructed a nest web for community structure that showed most cavity resource use flowed up the community through aspen trees and cavities excavated by Northern Flickers. Thus, aspen was the critical nesting tree and Northern Flickers were the keystone excavators in this community. Sitios de Nidificación y Redes de Nidos en Comunidades que Nidifican en Cavidades en el Interior de British Columbia, Canadá: Características de los Nidos y Separación de Nichos Resumen. Los bosques mixtos del interior de British Columbia, Canadá, albergan una rica comunidad de animales que nidifican en cavidades, los cuales representan aproximadamente un tercio de las especies de vertebrados de bosque. En este estudio medimos características de las cavidades y de los árboles de nidificación para 20 especies de aves y seis de mamíferos que nidifican en cavidades (incluyendo especies excavadoras y las que utilizan cavidades secundariamente) a lo largo de ocho años en ecosistemas de bosque interior de Pseudotsuga menziesii. Hubo una selección abrumadora de árboles de la especie Populus tremuloides; el 95% de 1692 cavidades de nidificación se encontraron en árboles de esta especie, la cual comprendía sólo el 15% de los árboles disponibles. Todo el espectro de árboles vivos y muertos fue utilizado, pero observamos una preferencia fuerte por árboles vivos con descomposición (45% de los nidos) o árboles muertos (45% de los nidos). Un análisis de agrupamiento basado en características de los árboles y las cavidades dividió la comunidad en cinco grupos, incluyendo carpinteros de tamaño grande y mediano, y un grupo formado principalmente por excavadores débiles. Un cuarto grupo incluyó al carpintero Colaptes auratus (el excavador más abundante) y a las especies de mayor tamaño que nidifican en cavidades secundarias. El último grupo incluyó a las especies más abundantes y agresivas que nidifican en cavidades secundarias. El estornino Sturnus vulgaris, la especie más agresiva que nidifica en cavidades secundarias, ocupó un nicho más estrecho (árboles menos descompuestos con entradas más pequeñas) con relación a su tamaño. Los excavadores menos competitivos y los usuarios de cavidades secundarias ocuparon nichos de nidificación más amplios en términos de la categoría de descomposición de los árboles y el tamaño de la cavidad. Construimos una red de nidos para estudiar la estructura de la comunidad, la cual mostró que la mayor parte del uso de las cavidades como recurso fluye en la comunidad a través de los árboles de P. tremuloides y las cavidades excavadas por C. auratus. Por lo tanto, P. tremuloides fue el árbol de nidificación crítico y C. auratus fue la especie de excavador clave en esta comunidad.



2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Arthur Groot ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Mya Rice

Density, height, and diameter at breast height of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) sucker regeneration were assessed over a 26-year period in openings created by harvesting in a 40-year-old aspen stand in northeastern Ontario (Canada). The opening types were 9- and 18-m diameter circles, 9- and 18- 150-m east-west strips, and a 100- 150-m clearcut, representing a range of light conditions. Density, height, and diameter at breast height of aspen regeneration were significantly affected by opening type, location relative to opening, and time since harvest. By year 26, aspen densities in circular openings declined to 0, despite high initial recruitment, and trembling aspen heights were significantly lower in the 9-m strips than in the 18-m strips or the clearcut. Year 26 aspen density, volume, and basal area increased with increasing initial light intensity, with the highest rate of increase between 80 and 100% light levels. Understory vegetation cover was largely unaffected by opening size; however, substantial understory aspen regeneration occurred in the smaller openings. Results support the traditional view that aspen is best managed under the clearcut silvicultural system, and >80% full light is recommended for adequate long-term aspen regeneration.



2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-342
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Arthur Groot ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Mya Rice

Density, height, and diameter at breast height of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) sucker regeneration were assessed over a 26-year period in openings created by harvesting in a 40-year-old aspen stand in northeastern Ontario (Canada). The opening types were 9- and 18-m diameter circles, 9- and 18- _ 150-m east-west strips, and a 100- _ 150-m clearcut, representing a range of light conditions. Density, height, and diameter at breast height of aspen regeneration were significantly affected by opening type, location relative to opening, and time since harvest. By year 26, aspen densities in circular openings declined to 0, despite high initial recruitment, and trembling aspen heights were significantly lower in the 9-m strips than in the 18-m strips or the clearcut. Year 26 aspen density, volume, and basal area increased with increasing initial light intensity, with the highest rate of increase between 80 and 100% light levels. Understory vegetation cover was largely unaffected by opening size; however, substantial understory aspen regeneration occurred in the smaller openings. Results support the traditional view that aspen is best managed under the clearcut silvicultural system, and >80% full light is recommended for adequate long-term aspen regeneration.



1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kovats

The development of a tree volume-estimating method for juvenile trees ranging from 1 to 10 m in height is described and application is suggested. Volume equations are given for coastal Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinusconiorta Dougl.), and two spruce species (Piceaengelmannii Parry and Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) of British Columbia. The method features flexible diameter reference height and a height limit, beyond which the conventional diameter at breast height and volume estimating methods apply.



2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Heineman ◽  
Suzanne W. Simard ◽  
Donald L. Sachs ◽  
W. Jean Mather

Abstract Manual cutting treatments are routinely applied to release lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) competition in southern interior British Columbia. We studied the effects of this treatment on pine and an aspen-dominated community on three sites in the Interior Douglas-Fir and Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. After 10 years, when stands were 17–20 years old, treated aspen was significantly shorter than control aspen, and treated pine had significantly (21%) larger diameter than control pine. There were few other differences between brushed and unbrushed pine, and survival was excellent (≥97%), regardless of treatment. Brushing nearly doubled the average density of conifer stems that were free-growing according to legislated standards, but results were variable, and the free-growing status of the stand was changed on only one site. Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between aspen abundance and pine size. The density of aspen at least as tall as the pine (tall aspen) predicted 36.2% of the variation in pine diameter, and total aspen density predicted 35.9% of the variation in pine height. An average density threshold of 1,867 tall aspen stems/ha, above which pine stem diameter declined, was identified in the three stands.



2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Newsome ◽  
Jean L. Heineman ◽  
Amanda F. Linnell Nemec

Critical height ratios for predicting competition between trembling aspen and lodgepole pine were identified in six juvenile stands in three south-central British Columbia ecosystems. We used a series of regression analyses predicting pine stem diameter from the density of neighbouring aspen in successively shorter relative height classes to identify the aspen-pine height ratio that maximizedR2. Critical height ratios varied widely among sites when stands were 8–12 years old but, by age 14–19, had converged at 1.25–1.5. MaximumR2values at age 14–19 ranged from 13.4% to 69.8%, demonstrating that the importance of aspen competition varied widely across a relatively small geographic range. Logistic regression also indicated that the risk of poor pine vigour in the presence of aspen varied between sites. Generally, the degree of competition, risk to pine vigour, and size of individual aspen contributing to the models declined along a gradient of decreasing ecosystem productivity.



IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ellis ◽  
Paul Steiner

Five wood species, Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.), Balau (Shorea spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), and Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were loaded in compression longitudinally, radially and tangentially. The wood cubes were conditioned to one of four moisture contents prior to loading. Small cubes were loaded until no void space remained after which samples were released and soaked in water. Stress /strain curves were recorded over the whole range of strain and cube thicknesses were recorded at the end of the compression, after release from the testing apparatus, and after soaking in water. Denser woods resulted in a greater Young’s modulus, higher levels of stress and shorter time to densification than did less dense woods. Higher initial moisture contents apparently increased the plasticity of the wood leading to a lower Young’s modulus and lower levels of stress during compression, greater springback after release of stress and greater recovery after swelling in water. Differences observed in the radial and tangential behaviours were believed to be due to the supporting action of the rays when the wood was compressed in the radial direction in balau and trembling aspen and to the relative difference between the lower density earlywood and higher density latewood regions in ash, Douglas-fir and western red cedar.



The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Blewett ◽  
John M. Marzluff

Abstract We investigated the occurrence of, and relationships among, snags and cavity-nesting birds in the rapidly urbanizing region around Seattle, Washington in 2001 and 2002. We measured the density of snags in 49 sites (1-km2 “suburban landscapes” that included built and forested portions), and determined the diameter, height, decay status, and species of individual snags. We spot-mapped territories and observed nests of cavity-nesting birds at a stratified, random subsample of 13 sites. Snags, especially red alder (Alnus rubra), were abundant in sites' forested portions, but rare in the built portions. Snag density was positively correlated with density of live trees. Snags in built versus forested portions were similar in all attributes except decay, which was more advanced in forested areas. In the oldest suburbs (60–80 years old), snags in forested portions were larger, more decayed, and more likely to have broken tops than those in younger suburbs (2–20 years old). Cavity-nesting bird species richness and equity of individuals per species was highest in suburban landscapes where remaining forest was not fragmented, but adjacent to highly intermixed urban and urban-forest land covers. Suburban landscapes with highly interspersed land covers had higher densities of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), Red-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis), Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) and Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens); suburban landscapes with higher percentages of forest had higher densities of Brown Creepers (Certhia americana), Chestnut-backed Chickadees (Poecile rufescens), Pileated (Dryocopus pileatus) and Hairy Woodpeckers (Picoides villosus). Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) densities were positively correlated only with the density of snags. All study sites had low bird densities compared to wildlands, presumably due to the relative lack of live trees and snags. Cavity-nesting birds bred successfully in all landscapes; seven of the nine species produced fledglings in >50% of their nesting attempts. Snags important for nesting were larger in diameter, taller, and more decayed than expected based on availability. Snags with active nests also had evidence of previous use, fungal conks, broken tops, and substantial bark. Efectos de la Expansión Urbana sobre la Abundancia y la Productividad de Aves que Nidifican en Cavidades Resumen. Durante el 2001 y 2002, investigamos la presencia de, y la relación entre, troncos muertos y aves que nidifican en cavidades en los alrededores de Seattle (Washington), una región que está urbanizándose rápidamente. Medimos la densidad de troncos en 49 sitios (1-km2 de “paisajes suburbanos” que incluyeron ambientes edificados y bosques) y determinamos el diámetro, altura, estado de descomposición y especie de troncos individuales. Mapeamos los territorios mediante registros puntuales y observamos los nidos de aves que nidifican en cavidades en una sub-muestra estratificada y al azar de 13 sitios. Los troncos, especialmente de Alnus rubra, fueron abundantes en las áreas con bosque, pero raros en las áreas edificadas. La densidad de troncos se correlacionó positivamente con la densidad de árboles vivos. Los troncos de las áreas edificadas y de las áreas con bosque fueron similares en todos sus atributos excepto en su descomposición, que fue más avanzada en los sitios boscosos. En los suburbios más viejos (60–80 años), los troncos en las áreas con bosque fueron más grandes, estuvieron más descompuestos y presentaron mayor probabilidad de tener sus extremos rotos que aquellos presentes en los suburbios más nuevos (2–20 años). La riqueza de especies que nidifican en cavidades y la equitatividad de individuos por especie fueron mayores en los paisajes suburbanos donde el bosque remanente no estaba fragmentado, sino adyacente a coberturas con una gran mezcla de sitios urbanos y sitios en la transición bosque-ciudad. Los paisajes suburbanos con coberturas ampliamente entremezcladas presentaron mayores densidades de Poecile atricapillus, Sitta canadensis, Colaptes auratus y Picoides pubescens; los paisajes suburbanos con porcentajes más altos de bosque presentaron mayores densidades de Certhia americana, Poecile rufescens, Dryocopus pileatus y Picoides villosus. Las densidades de Sphyrapicus ruber sólo se correlacionaron positivamente con la densidad de troncos. Todos los sitios de estudio tuvieron bajas densidades de aves comparados con áreas silvestres, debido presumiblemente a la carencia relativa de árboles vivos y troncos. Las aves que nidifican en cavidades criaron con éxito en todos los paisajes; siete de las nueve especies produjeron volantones en >50% de sus intentos de nidificación. Los troncos importantes para nidificar fueron más grandes en diá metro y altura y estuvieron más descompuestos que lo esperado con relación a su disponibilidad. Los troncos con nidos activos también presentaron evidencias de uso previo, deformaciones producidas por hongos, copas rotas y bastante corteza.



1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Thies ◽  
E. E. Nelson

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.



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