Artificial diets in sea urchin culture: effects of dietary protein level and other additives on egg quality, larval morphometries, and larval survival in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2080-2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja de Jong-Westman ◽  
Pei-Yuan Qian ◽  
Beryl E. March ◽  
Thomas H. Carefoot
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Green Sea Urchin ◽  
Β Carotene

The effect of artificial diets on the size and energy content of eggs and morphometry, survival, and metamorphic success of larvae was investigated in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from the standpoint of developing a good broodstock diet for culturists. Groups of sea urchins were fed eight diets over a period of 9 months, then five of these dietary groups were selected for detailed larval-growth studies. The artificial diets differed in protein content and in various additives including mannitol, algin, cholesterol, and β-carotene; a diet of air-dried kelp was also included. Egg-energy content was highest on a high-protein diet with cholesterol and β-carotene additives, and the largest eggs so far recorded for the species (2.39 mm3 × 10−3) were produced on a high-protein diet with cholesterol additive. Larval survival to metamorphosis was >92% for all diets save for kelp (<5%). Kelp-fed adults also produced poorly metamorphosing larvae (<2%), suggesting that air-drying causes chemical changes in the kelp that are ultimately detrimental to larval health. Larval developmental rates were fastest on the high-protein β-carotene formulation. Larvae from this diet group also had the longest arms relative to body length, largest rudiment diameter, largest absolute and relative ciliated-band length (for efficient feeding), and had a high percentage of metamorphosis. These data suggest that a high-protein β-carotene diet will be useful for conditioning broodstock by prospective sea urchin culturists.

The effect of different nutrient formulations in artificial diets on gonad growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1495-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. de Jong-Westman ◽  
B. E. March ◽  
T. H. Carefoot
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gonad Growth ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Β Carotene

Several artificial diets were tested for their ability to promote growth of gonads in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, over a 9-month period. Survival and test growth were also monitored, as were gonad lipid levels and water content (at the middle and end of the reproductive cycle only). The artificial diets differed in amount of protein and in the presence of various additives such as mannitol, algin, cholesterol, and β-carotene; a diet of air-dried kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) was included for comparison. Survival was > 95% for all diets save a low-protein one (82% survival). Test diameters showed no significant change over time or among dietary treatments. All high-protein formulations produced significantly higher gonad indices than low-protein ones. Addition of β-carotene to the high-protein formulation significantly increased gonad growth relative to all other diets; this was especially noticeable in December, at the time of best market quality for the roe. Lipid levels were not significantly different among dietary treatments in either November or March, but did show a slight statistically significant rise between these months (21.4–22.7% dry mass). Water content also showed no significant difference among treatments, but was significantly higher in March (82% live weight), just prior to spawning, than in November (70%). Gonad indices for all artificial-diet formulations were higher than any previously recorded for S. droebachiensis.

scholarly journals The relative biological potencies of retinyl palmitate and β-carotene for the milk-fed lamb

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Faruque ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
Β Carotene

1. Thirty-four cross-bred newborn lambs were used. A high-protein diet (25% protein calories) was supplemented daily with retinyl palmitate (range, 13.75–440 μg/kg live weight 24 h), or with β-carotene (range, 68.5–2200 μg/kg live weight 24 h) for 21 days.2. Live-weight gain was not increased by supplementing the basal diet with either retinyl palmitate or β-carotene.3. The relative weights of β-carotene and retinyl palmitate (expressed as retinol) that were required to produce equivalent concentrations of retinol in the serum varied from 5:1 to 25:1, and for the liver (retinal + retinyl esters, expressed as retinol) the ratio varied from 3:1 to 9:1.

scholarly journals A high-protein diet increases faecal IgA concentrations in baby pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (OCE5) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vitari ◽  
A. Morise ◽  
M. Formal ◽  
C. Garcia ◽  
K. Mace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet

scholarly journals Measurement of the Intestinal pH in Mice under Various Conditions Reveals Alkalization Induced by Antibiotics

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Kouki Shimizu ◽  
Issei Seiki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Goto ◽  
Takeshi Murata
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
The Stability

The intestinal pH can greatly influence the stability and absorption of oral drugs. Therefore, knowledge of intestinal pH is necessary to understand the conditions for drug delivery. This has previously been measured in humans and rats. However, information on intestinal pH in mice is insufficient despite these animals being used often in preclinical testing. In this study, 72 female ICR mice housed in SPF (specific pathogen-free) conditions were separated into nine groups to determine the intestinal pH under conditions that might cause pH fluctuations, including high-protein diet, ageing, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment, several antibiotic treatment regimens and germ-free mice. pH was measured in samples collected from the ileum, cecum and colon, and compared to control animals. An electrode, 3 mm in diameter, enabled accurate pH measurements with a small amount of gastrointestinal content. Consequently, the pH values in the cecum and colon were increased by high-protein diet, and the pH in the ileum was decreased by PPI. Drastic alkalization was induced by antibiotics, especially in the cecum and colon. The alkalized pH values in germ-free mice suggested that the reduction in the intestinal bacteria caused by antibiotics led to alkalization. Alkalization of the intestinal pH caused by antibiotic treatment was verified in mice. We need further investigations in clinical settings to check whether the same phenomena occur in patients.

scholarly journals The Colonic Microbiome and Epithelial Transcriptome Are Altered in Rats Fed a High-Protein Diet Compared with a Normal-Protein Diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlong Mu ◽  
Yuxiang Yang ◽  
Zhen Luo ◽  
Leluo Guan ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Normal Protein Diet

scholarly journals Effect of a High Protein Diet on Calcium Metabolism in Sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Masayuki FUNABA ◽  
Hajime NABETA ◽  
Hideo YANO ◽  
Ryoji KAWASHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Metabolism ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet

Interactions of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and growth hormone in vivo: circulating levels of IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins in transgenic mice

1997 ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Blackburn ◽  
RA Dressendorfer ◽  
WF Blum ◽  
M Erhard ◽  
G Brem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
B Mice

To study interactions between insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and growth hormone (GH) in vivo, we crossed hemizygous transgenic mice carrying phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)-IGF-II fusion genes with hemizygous PEPCK-bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice. Offspring harbouring both transgenes (IB), the IGF-II transgene (I) or the bGH transgene (B), and non-transgenic littermates (C) were obtained. Blood samples were taken before (end of week 12) and after (end of week 14) the mice had received a diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates to stimulate PEPCK promoter-controlled transgene expression. Mean serum GH concentrations of both B and IB mice corresponded to 900 ng/ml and increased more than twofold (P < 0.001) after 1 week of the high-protein diet. GH concentrations in controls and I mice were less than 20 ng/ml. Serum IGF-II concentrations in I and IB mice were three-to fourfold higher than those in C and B mice. Whereas IGF-II concentrations were not changed by the high-protein diet in the last two groups, serum IGF-II increased significantly in I (P < 0.001) and IB mice (P < 0.05). This increase was significantly (P < 0.05) less pronounced in IB than in C and I mice. Circulating IGF-I concentrations were about twofold (P < 0.001) higher in B and IB than in C and I mice, and showed a tendency to be lower in I than in C and in IB than in B mice when animals were maintained on the standard diet. The high-protein diet did not change circulating IGF-I concentrations in controls and B mice, but resulted in a significant reduction of serum IGF-I concentrations in I (P < 0.05) and IB mice (P < 0.001). Consequently, after PEPCK-IGF-II transgene expression was stimulated, serum IGF-I concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in I than in C and in IB than in B mice. Serum IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in I mice than in all other groups when mice were maintained on the standard diet, with a tendency to reduced IGFBP-2 concentrations in B mice. After the high-protein diet, serum IGFBP-2 concentrations did not change in C and I mice, but increased by two- to threefold in B and IB mice (P < 0.001). Serum IGFBP-3 concentrations tended to be greater in B and IB than in C and I mice, but these differences were mostly not significant. IGFBP-4 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) increased by GH overproduction in B and IB mice. Our data suggest that the reduction in circulating IGF-I concentrations by increased IGF-II is most probably due to the limited serum IGF binding capacity and the short half-life of free IGFs, rather than to a reduction in GH-dependent IGF-I production. Effects of GH overproduction on serum IGFBP-2 concentrations depend on dietary factors and may be both inhibitory and stimulatory.

scholarly journals Adaptive changes in the capacity of systems used for the synthesis of citrulline in rat liver mitochondria in response to high- and low-protein diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. McGivan ◽  
Norah M. Bradford ◽  
J. B. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Citrulline Synthesis

1. Citrulline synthesis was measured in mitochondria from rats fed on a standard diet, a high-protein diet, or on glucose. 2. With NH4Cl as the nitrogen source the rate of citrulline synthesis was higher in mitochondria from rats fed on a high-protein diet than in those from rats fed on a standard diet. When rats were fed solely on glucose the rate of synthesis of citrulline from NH4Cl was very low. 3. With glutamate as the nitrogen source the relative rates of citrulline synthesis were much lower than when NH4Cl was present, but similar adaptive changes occurred. 4. The activity of the mitochondrial glutamate-transporting system increased two to three times on feeding rats on a high-protein diet, but the Km for glutamate was unchanged. 5. Adaptive changes in certain intramitochondrial enzymes were also measured. 6. The results were interpreted to indicate that when an excess of substrate was present, citrulline synthesis from NH4Cl was rate-limited by the intramitochondrial concentration of N-acetyl-glutamate, but citrulline synthesis from glutamate was rate-limited primarily by the activity of the glutamate-transporting system.

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