scholarly journals Realize Emergent Gravity to Generic Situations

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang An ◽  
Peng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Heat Bath ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
External Heat ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Gravitational Attraction ◽  
Entropic Force ◽  
Rindler Space ◽  
Black Hole Information

AbstractWe clarify the problem in which occasions can gravitational force be regarded emergent from thermodynamics, by proposing an entropic mechanism that can extract the entropic gradient existing in spacetime, due to the variation of the Casini–Bekenstein bound in specific quasi-static processes with the heat flux $$\delta Q$$ δ Q into the whole casual wedge. We explicitly formulate the derivation of inertial force as the emergent gravitational attraction from the Entanglement First Law. We find the saturation of the bound along with the vanishing relative entropy corresponds to the variation of minimal surface. To covariant meaning, it is the Bousso bound. Besides, this understanding is connected to recent Pennington’s work on Black Hole Information Paradox, suggesting a Page-Curve function origins from removing attraction by the external heat bath. Our theory from entanglement now overcomes several criticism towards Verlinde’s original entropic force proposal, and is able to co-exist with Susskind’s Complexity Tendency. This entropic mechanism reproduces the Newton’s Second Law in Rindler space and the gravitational force (together with derivation of the Einstein equation) beyond the near-horizon region, and can be adapted into AdS/CFT and other generic situations.

Neural Processing of Gravito-Inertial Cues in Humans. IV. Influence of Visual Rotational Cues During Roll Optokinetic Stimuli

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Zupan ◽  
D. M. Merfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Roll Tilt

Sensory systems often provide ambiguous information. For example, otolith organs measure gravito-inertial force (GIF), the sum of gravitational force and inertial force due to linear acceleration. However, according to Einstein's equivalence principle, a change in gravitational force due to tilt is indistinguishable from a change in inertial force due to translation. Therefore the central nervous system (CNS) must use other sensory cues to distinguish tilt from translation. For example, the CNS might use dynamic visual cues indicating rotation to help determine the orientation of gravity (tilt). This, in turn, might influence the neural processes that estimate linear acceleration, since the CNS might estimate gravity and linear acceleration such that the difference between these estimates matches the measured GIF. Depending on specific sensory information inflow, inaccurate estimates of gravity and linear acceleration can occur. Specifically, we predict that illusory tilt caused by roll optokinetic cues should lead to a horizontal vestibuloocular reflex compensatory for an interaural estimate of linear acceleration, even in the absence of actual linear acceleration. To investigate these predictions, we measured eye movements binocularly using infrared video methods in 17 subjects during and after optokinetic stimulation about the subject's nasooccipital (roll) axis (60°/s, clockwise or counterclockwise). The optokinetic stimulation was applied for 60 s followed by 30 s in darkness. We simultaneously measured subjective roll tilt using a somatosensory bar. Each subject was tested in three different orientations: upright, pitched forward 10°, and pitched backward 10°. Five subjects reported significant subjective roll tilt (>10°) in directions consistent with the direction of the optokinetic stimulation. In addition to torsional optokinetic nystagmus and afternystagmus, we measured a horizontal nystagmus to the right during and following clockwise (CW) stimulation and to the left during and following counterclockwise (CCW) stimulation. These measurements match predictions that subjective tilt in the absence of real tilt should induce a nonzero estimate of interaural linear acceleration and, therefore, a horizontal eye response. Furthermore, as predicted, the horizontal response in the dark was larger for Tilters ( n = 5) than for Non-Tilters ( n= 12).

Mass Nature of Heat and Its Applications I: Motion of Thermomass Fluid and General Heat Conduction Law

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng-Yuan Guo ◽  
Bing-Yang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
High Heat Flux ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Energy Relation ◽  
Inertial Terms

The concept of thermomass is defined as the equivalent mass of thermal energy according to the Einstein’s mass-energy relation. Hence, the phonon gas in dielectrics can be regarded a weighty, compressible fluid. Heat conduction in the medium, where the rest mass lattices or molecules acts the porous framework, resembles the gas flow through the porous medium. Newton mechanics has been applied to establish the equation of state and the equation of motion for the phonon gas as in fluid mechanics, since the drift velocity of a phonon gas is normally much less than the speed of light. The momentum equation of the thermomass gas, including the driving, inertial and resistant forces, is a damped wave equation, which is in fact the general conduction law. This is because it reduces to the CV (Cattaneo-Vernotte) model or the single phase-lag model as the heat flux related inertial terms are neglected, and reduces to Fourier’s heat conduction law as all inertial terms are neglected. Therefore, the underlying physics of Fourier’s heat conduction law is the balance between the driving force and the resistant force of the heat motion, and Fourier’s law will break down when the inertial force is comparable to the resistant force, for instance, in the case of ultra-short pulse laser heating or heat conduction in carbon nanotubes at ultra-high heat flux.

scholarly journals Antigravity, an Answer to Nature’s Phenomena including the Expansion of the Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
C. K. Gamini Piyadasa
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Gravitational Attraction ◽  
Attraction Force ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Repulsion Force ◽  
Gravitational Repulsion ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

The gravitational attraction force being proportional to the mass has been experimentally shown for several hundred years now, but no gravitational repulsion has been identified within the accepted scientific reasoning. Here, we show that the gravitational repulsion force, similar to the gravitational attraction among particles has also been in existence in nature but, yet to be recognized. The results of experiments are shown in detail and are discussed in the recent series of-publications. It is also shown here that this gravitational repulsion force is proportional to the temperature which is an indicator of thermal energy of the particle, similar to the gravitational attraction that is proportional to the mass of the particle. The situations where heavy particles such as iodine, tungsten, and thorium in vacuum move against gravitational force have already been shown qualitatively. The increase in time-of-fall of water droplets (slowing down of fall) with rise in temperature is also quantitatively discussed. This article discusses two major phenomena observable in nature, clouds and the expansion of universe, which could be more preciously explained by the concept of antigravity.

The Application of IRAs Optimizing Design in Vacuum Thermal Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 708-713
Author(s):  
Yu Wei Sun ◽  
Xiao Ning Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
External Heat ◽  
Simulation Test ◽  
Thermal Tests ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
External Heat Flux

The thermal vacuum environment simulation test is indispensible for the development of spacecrafts. And the simulation of the external heat flux exerted onto the spacecraft is one of the determining elements of the simulation test. In China, the infra-red simulation is a common method that used as simulation equipment of the external heat flux. The planar infra-red arrays is the most typical structure elements for planar spacecraft surface, but the margin effect of infra-red arrays influences the flux uniformity on heated surface severely. Based on Monte Carlo theory, some optimizing design guidelines had been drawn about planar infra-red arrays in past investigation. This paper introduces some testing and experiment that could confirm these guidelines, and these guidelines had been applied in some vacuum thermal tests of spacecrafts successfully.

Experimental study of commercial flame-retardant polycarbonate under external heat flux

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 1463-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuelin Zhang ◽  
Teng Zhang ◽  
Changhai Li ◽  
Hongshuang Wang ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
External Heat ◽  
External Heat Flux
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