scholarly journals The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8262
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży ◽  
Marta Guth ◽  
Adam Majchrzak ◽  
Andreea Cipriana Muntean ◽  
Silvia Stefania Maican
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Generational Changes

Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g. the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: 1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and 2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.

Understanding aviation operators’ variability in advanced systems

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Papanikou ◽  
Utku Kale ◽  
András Nagy ◽  
Konstantinos Stamoulis
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Performance Shaping Factors ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to identify variability in aviation operators in order to gain greater understanding of the changes in aviation professional groups. Research has commonly addressed human factors and automation in broad categories according to a group’s function (e.g., pilots, air traffic controllers [ATCOs], engineers). Accordingly, pilots and Air Traffic Controls (ATCOs) have been treated as homogeneous groups with a set of characteristics. Currently, critical themes of human performance in light of systems’ developments place the emphasis on quality training for improved situational awareness (SA), decision-making and cognitive load. Design/methodology/approach As key solutions centre on the increased understanding and preparedness of operators through quality training, the authors deploy an iterative mixed methodology to reveal generational changes of pilots and ATCOs. In total, 46 participants were included in the qualitative instrument and 70 in the quantitative one. Preceding their triangulation, the qualitative data were analysed using NVivo and the quantitative analysis was aided through descriptive statistics. Findings The results show that there is a generational gap between old and new generations of operators. Although positive views on advanced systems are being expressed, concerns about cognitive capabilities in the new systems, training and skills gaps, workload and role implications are presented. Practical implications The practical implications of this study extend to different profiles of operators that collaborate either directly or indirectly and that are critical to aviation safety. Specific implications are targeted on automation complacency, bias and managing information load, and training aspects where quality training can be aided by better understanding the occupational transitions under advanced systems. Originality/value In this paper, the authors aimed to understand the changing nature of the operators’ profession within the advanced technological context, and the perceptions and performance-shaping factors of pilots and ATCOs to define the generational changes.

scholarly journals Etnografia wielostanowiskowa: inspiracje metodologiczne do badań nad politycznością

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-98
Author(s):  
Wojciech Łukowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Political Behaviors ◽  
Globalized World

Spatial and social mobility in an increasingly globalized world is associated with new challenges for social sciences, including political science. This also applies to methods and methodology. The article aims to reveal the cognitive potential that lies in the use of multi–sited ethnography for research on politics and on the study of political behaviors (das Politische). The utility of this approach is illustrated on the basis of the research on social and spatial mobility of small town residents conducted with the use of this method.

Leading Up to Marriage and Family

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Eve M. Brank
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Romantic Couples ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
Legal Responsibilities

Being married and having children brings certain legal responsibilities and privileges. The current chapter addresses dating and other activities that occur prior to marriage or are related to getting married. In U.S. culture, dating is an important step before marriage and has undergone extreme changes throughout the past century. Once there is a promise to marry other issues are important to consider such as prenuptial agreements, breaches of promise to marry, and the choice of surname for one or both members of the marrying couple. Of course, not all individuals or romantic couples choose marriage. Rates of nonmartial cohabitation rates have continued to rise. These generational changes in premarital and nonmartial behaviors have important implications for contextualizing the current status of marriage.

Perceptions of Similarity and Agreement in Partisan Groups

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Whitaker ◽  
John M. Fulwider
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceptual Differences ◽  
Group Homogeneity ◽  
Homogeneity Effect ◽  
Political Behaviors ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Group Similarity

This chapter examines whether there are perceptual differences in how partisan identifiers think about the in-group and out-group, and whether these judgments relate reliably to other attitudes and political behaviors. It first selectively reviews the psychological literature on social identity theory and group-based perceptual differences, focusing primarily on the out-group homogeneity effect. The subsequent analyses then consider and examine: how perceptions of in-group and out-group similarity and agreement vary among Democrats and Republicans, whether these judgments are systematically related to affective judgments about political groups and political figures, and whether these judgments relate to conventional political behaviors, such as voter turnout and vote choice. Finally, the chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for future research.

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