Key Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in Adult Population

Introduction: According to experts, overweight and obesity, are the most dangerous civilization diseases of today. World- wide, over 312 million people are obese and another 1.3 billion suffer from obesity. Increased weight is a significant health risk and it means a decrease in quality of life and, especially in life expectancy. Because of this, in our research, weaddressthe problem of current society which is overweight and obesity. Methods:To verify hypotheses, we used chi-square test of inde- pendence. It is a universal statistical test with wide use. It is most often used to verify the relation between nominal type variables. Results:By analyzing the results, we have found that over- weight or obesity of the parents, respondents’ satisfaction, eating habits and gender are related to overweight and obesity of the respondents. However, we have not found a relation between the physical activity of the respondents and their overweight or obesity. In case our respondents do not exercise and have bad eating habits, their body weight would be likely to increase. Conclusion:To prevent the development of overweight and obesity and its complications that have a negative impact on our health, it is necessary to make a targeted and effective in- tervention that is aimed at a healthy lifestyle.

Occurrence of Obesity in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases

Objective: The aim of this research is to identify behavioral risk factors in patients with cardiovascular diseases with a focus on obesity. Design: Descriptive study. Participants: The sample group consisted of 878 patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: Clinical, laboratory parameters and a questionnaire focused on identifying behavioral risk factors of one ́s lifestyle. Data processing through descriptive and inductive statistics. Results:The mean BMI is 29.39 (± SD 4.69). The results show that 355 (40.2%) patients have obesity and we identified overweight as a precursor to obesity in 377 (42.93%) patients. We found deficiencies in behavioral risk factors (smoking, al- cohol consumption, nutrition, physical activity) in all patients. A significant relationship was confirmed between smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity. Conclusion: The results of our research suggest that there is a need to improve primary and secondary prevention inpa- tients, healthcare professionals and government policy.

Eating Habits of People Aged 15-18 Years

Introduction: Determination of the status of eating habits is anecessary step for evaluating future changes in terms of their comparison. Children and young people are an important target group in this regard. Objective:To determine and compare the status of eating habits in the youth and adult population in terms of the most significant risks. Methodology and characteristics of the sample group:In 2019, the research sample consisted of 745 respondents aged 15-18 years. Of this number, 51% were girls (n = 379) and 49% were boys (n = 366). The software program Epi Data 3.1was used for statistical processing of questionnaires from the respondents. Adatabase for inserting data from the respondents was created in the program. The data were further processed in Microsoft Excel 2007. Results:Increasing levels of energy drinks consumption and declining milk consumption pose significant nutritional risks. On the other hand, we can see an increase in the number of consumers of raw vegetables and adecrease in the number of daily consumers of sweets. Conclusion: Further measures need to be taken to support pos- itive changes in the content and frequency of eating.

Nutrition as Health Intervention in Central Europe

This issue of the Clinical and Social Intervention Journal is devoted to the topic of nutrition and physical activity while tackling the problem of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition is a factor of the external environment that significantly affects a per- son's quality of life and their health. It is intended to: prevent nutritional deficiencies; achieve high functional performance; prevent diseases of civilization (cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, metabolic syndrome). Nu- trition effects the development of chronic diseases by up to 50%.

Preffered Methods of Treating Obesity in Late Adulthood and Senior Age

Objective: To identify preferred solutions – therapy - for over- weight and obesity in older adults and seniors Participants: Atotal of 110 respondents were contacted, out of which 14 refused to cooperate or filled in the questionnaire incor- rectly. The return of questionnaires was 96, i.e. 100%. The group of respondents consisted of individuals of both sexes, aged 50 and over, living in anatural social environment or in one of the se- lected institutions. Due to the fact that - in our opinion - arela- tively large amount of attention is paid to the senior age group while the group of people in the age range of 50-64 is forgotten, we have not chosen the senior age respondents exclusively. Methods: The data obtained by the processing of the question- naires were analytically evaluated. For statistical processing apro- gram StatisticaCz version 9 was chosen, adescriptive analysis of the data was performed, followed by analysis by comparing av- erages and particular tests of statistical significance (Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis, KendalovoTau). Results: An adjustment of the diet as apart of the solution of the overweight and obesity therapy would be chosen by the most re- spondents, 75 (46.5%) of them. 44 (27.0%) respondents would choose sport or other physical activity. 11 (6.7%) respondents would deal with overweight and obesity pharmacologically - with the help of medications, and only 25 (15.3%) respondents would choose surgery as away of dealing with overweight and obesity. On the contrary, only 8 (4.9%) respondents were not interested in dealing with the weight gain. 24 (25.0%) respondents would choose the surgical way of solving obesity. Ananswer“possibly yes”was chosen by13 (13.5%) respondents. 21 (21.9%) individu- als inclined to the “rather not” variant. 33 (34.4%) respondents chose the “certainly not”answer. An answer“I don't know” was chosen by 5 (5.2%) respondents. Conclusion:Obesity is aglobal social problem which is not to be solved just in healthcare and it is certainly not an issue of an individual.

Analysis of the Association of Selected Leisure Time Activities and Overweight in University Students

Objective: The aim was to analyze preferred free time activi- ties of adolescents / university students Design: Cross-sectional study Participants: The inclusion criteria for participants were full- time university students with amaximum age of 25 years. The study involved atotal of 173 students. Methodology:Data were collected by an online questionnaire and also by observing the behavior of university students. The obtained data were processed in the statistical program R-pro- ject. Statistically significant values are at the level of p ≤ 0.05. Statistical tests - chi square test and correlation - were used for the analysis. Results:The results show that university students prefer seden- tary activities in their free time, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing. University students spend several hours aday in front of their computer screen. Conclusion: The results proved that smoking had no effect on BMI values. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in BMI values in terms of the amount of time university students spend in front of their computer screen in their free time.

Health Awareness in the Field of Physical Activity in Slovakia

Objectives:The aim of this study was to provide up-to-date information on the prevalence of insufficient physical activity in Slovaks according to gender and age in 2019. Design: Pilot study Participants: A cross-sectional survey conducted in 2019 (men n = 1,298; women n = 1,316) monitored 2,614 partici- pants in the age category 15 - 64 years from all over Slovakia. Methods:We statistically analyzed the questionnaire survey on Health Awareness in Slovakia using the Chi-square test and Fisher's test, in which the level of significance was determined p-value ≤ 0.05.Results:Young men preferred active sports compared to young women who preferred to spend time on social networks. Older men preferred light physical activity compared to older women, who preferred reading books and magazines. Conclusion:With increasing age, the performance of physical activity in Slovaks decreased.

Health Awareness in the Field of Eating Habits in Slovakia

Objectives: The aim of our research was to monitor the dif- ferences in the intake of food commodities according to gender and age in the Slovak Republic in 2019. Design: Pilot study Participants: The total number of respondents was 2,614 from all over the Slovak Republic, aged 15 to 65 years. Methods: Aquestionnaire-based cross-sectional survey con- ducted in 2019 under the auspices of the Public Health Author- ity of the Slovak Republic (ÚVZ SR). For statistical analysis, we used the Chi-square test and Fisher's test, with adetermined level of significance p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: With increasing age, women took more caloric food commodities compared to men who preferred foods of plant origin. Conclusion: With increasing age, the intake of high-calorie foods increased in both sexes.

Comparison of Health Literacy of the Population Regarding Healthy Diet and Chronic Liver Diseases – West vs. East of Slovakia

Introduction: The health status of the population is aresult of the complex action of several components of society. Chronic non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death. They are often aresult of smoking, alcohol consump- tion, poor diet and lack of exercise. Objectives: To obtain and compare information on health lit- eracy of the population (Western versus Eastern Slovakia) re- garding the most common liver diseases, risk factors for chronic liver diseases and healthy diet. Research sample group and methodology: Aself-designed questionnaire was composed of 30 questions. 400 respondents helped us to carry out the research: 145 men and 255 women. 200 respondents came from Western Slovakia and 200 respon- dents from Eastern Slovakia. Results: We established several hypotheses, based on which we determined health literacy of the population in Eastern and Western Slovakia. Health literacy is statistically significantly higher in aselected sample of respondents from the western part of Slovakia. Conclusions: In order to improve the health of the population, it is necessary to pay great attention to the education of the population about chronic diseases and healthy diet by all, the public health authorities, medicine and nursing. Close coop- eration with general practitioners is abasic prerequisite for the successful solving of this problem.

Eating and Lifestyle of University Students During the Worldwide Covid-19 Pandemic

Objective: The aim of this article was to find whether the global COVID-19 pandemic could affect eating habits in the form of breakfast as the first meal of the day, and whether due to the global COVID-19 pandemic there was achange in body weight in selected university students studying in the Czech Republic. Design:Structured anonymous online questionnaire survey Participans:Atotal of 628 university students studying in the Czech Republic (68.95% women; 31.05% men) mostly aged 20 to 29 (63.38%) Methods:Mathematical-statistical methods were used to ver- ify the established research questions, namely Pearson's chi- square test and to investigate the strength of the dependence - Cramer's V. Results and Conclusion:There is arelationship between reg- ular eating habits in the form of breakfast as the first morning meal of aday, before and during COVID-19 and gender and also the biological age of respondents. Furthermore, it was found that there is astatistically significant relationship be- tween the change in body weight during COVID-19 and gen- der, as well as the biological age of the respondents.