What if we use almost-linear functions instead of linear ones as a first approximation in interval computations

SummaryAim: While FDG full ring PET (FRPET) has been gradually accepted in oncology, the role of the cheaper gamma camera based alternatives (GCPET) is less clear. Since technology is evolving rapidly, “tracker trials” would be most helpful to provide a first approximation of the relative merits of these alternatives. As difference in scanner sensitivity is the key variable, head-to-head comparison with FRPET is an attractive study design. This systematic review summarises such studies. Methods: Nine studies were identified until July 1, 2000. Two observers assessed the methodological quality (Cochrane criteria), and extracted data. Results: The studies comprised a variety of tumours and indications. The reported GC- and FRPET agreement for detection of malignant lesions ranged from 55 to 100%, but with methodological limitations (blinding, standardisation, limited patient spectrum). Mean lesion diameter was 2.9 cm (SD 1.8), with only about 20% <1.5 cm. The 3 studies with the highest quality reported concordances of 74-79%, for the studied lesion spectrum. Contrast at GCPET was lower than that of FRPET, contrast and detection agreement were positively related. Logistic regression analysis suggested that pre-test indicators might be used to predict FRPET-GCPET concordance. Conclusion: In spite of methodological limitations, “first generation” GCPET devices detected sufficient FRPET positive lesions to allow prospective evaluation in clinical situations where the impact of FRPET is not confined to detection of small lesions (<1.5 cm). The efficiency of head-to-head comparative studies would benefit from application in a clinically relevant patient spectrum, with proper blinding and standardisation of acquisition procedures.

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Wildfire risk and hazard: procedures for the first approximation

10.2737/rmrs-gtr-235 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

David E. Calkin ◽

Alan A. Ager ◽

Julie Gilbertson-Day

Keyword(s):

Wildfire Risk ◽

First Approximation

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PENGARUH NILAI PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MAHASISWA MEMAHAMI KOMPUTER AKUNTANSI PADA PROGRAM STUDI PERBANKAN DAN KEUANGAN POLITEKNIK NEGERI MEDAN

KOMIK (Konferensi Nasional Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer) ◽

10.30865/komik.v2i1.925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jantianus Jantianus ◽

Khairul Khairul

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Linear Functions ◽

First Semester ◽

Normality Test ◽

Introductory Accounting ◽

Linearity Test

Ease of understanding Accounting Computers in principle is influenced by mastery of Introduction to Accounting in a systematic manner, assuming that it is capable of operating computers properly. To find out the magnitude of the influence in this study taken a sample of introductory Accounting values from a number of first semester 2017 students and the same data sample for students of Computer Accounting (Accurate) courses when they are in the fourth semester 2018. Feasibility until the data is tested by the normality test to find out the distribution of data and by linearity test to obtain linear functions. The data that has been obtained and tested for its feasibility is processed by Linear Regression using SPSS 24. From the results of the research that has been done obtained a regression equation: Y = 67,953 0.35X, which describes each increase in the value of introductory Accounting one unit will affect 0.35 to Computer Accounting value, but in testing the hypothesis that the value of Introduction to Accounting obtained by students does not affect their ability to obtain Computer Accounting values, one of the causes of this is due to the lack of skills of students to operate computers.Keywords: influence, value, ability

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First-approximation reduction of gravity data with the aid of a programmable pocket calculator

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr77600 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

Wilfred P. Hasbrouck

Keyword(s):

Gravity Data ◽

Pocket Calculator ◽

First Approximation

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Napfmarathon versus Stadtmarathon: Eine Annäherung an das Konzept des Leistungskilometers

Swiss Sports & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.34045/ssem/2015/1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Accurate Estimation ◽

Horizontal Distance ◽

First Approximation ◽

The City

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in course times of a mountainmarathon (Napfmarathon) versus a city Marathon. Therefore all participants of Napfmarathon were screened concerning a double participation on a city marathon (Zürich, Winterthur, Lausanne, Luzern) and the course time were compared. Of key interest was the influence of ascents and descents which were quantified according to guidelines of Youth & Sport (Jugend + Sport / Jeunesse et Sport), whereby in first approximation 100 meter of ascent, 150 meter of descent (more than 20%) and 1 km of horizontal distance were taken as a simallar performance correlat. For the identified double starter different average times per km resulted. For the city marathon with an average time of 4 min 52 sec and for the Napfmarathon with 4 min 28 sec. If speed per km was calculated only with ascent and horizontal distances having performance relevance an average time of 4 min 56 sec per km was identified. This effect seems to be independet from distance absolved, resulting for Halbmarathon on an average time of distance of 4 min 13 sec, for Napfmarathon of 4 min 4 sec and for the performance concept only with ascent an average time per km of 4 min 16 sec. These analysis reveal, that if only ascent is taxed average course times differ less than 5 sec for both distances. For these particular reasons we recommend for running events to calculate only based on ascent and horizontal distances making necessary adjustments based on length of course, steepness of ascent and descent, character of terain (middle-country, pre-alps, alpes) for accurate estimation of course times.

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Variability of radiosonde-observed precipitable water in the Baltic region*

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2005.0032 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 36 (4-5) ◽

pp. 423-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Jakobson ◽

H. Ohvril ◽

O. Okulov ◽

N. Laulainen

Keyword(s):

Water Vapour ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Linear Functions ◽

Water Vapour Pressure ◽

Baltic Region ◽

Geographical Latitude ◽

Linear Formula ◽

Annual Means ◽

The Baltic ◽

Two Parameters

The total mass of columnar water vapour (precipitable water, W) is an important parameter of atmospheric thermodynamic and radiative models. In this work more than 60 000 radiosonde observations from 17 aerological stations in the Baltic region over 14 years, 1989–2002, were used to examine the variability of precipitable water. A table of monthly and annual means of W for the stations is given. Seasonal means of W are expressed as linear functions of the geographical latitude degree. A linear formula is also derived for parametrisation of precipitable water as a function of two parameters – geographical latitude and surface water vapour pressure.

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Metaontology

10.1093/oso/9780198791485.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Uriah Kriegel

Keyword(s):

Second Order ◽

Order Property ◽

First Order ◽

First Approximation

Brentano’s theory of judgment serves as a springboard for his conception of reality, indeed for his ontology. It does so, indirectly, by inspiring a very specific metaontology. To a first approximation, ontology is concerned with what exists, metaontology with what it means to say that something exists. So understood, metaontology has been dominated by three views: (i) existence as a substantive first-order property that some things have and some do not, (ii) existence as a formal first-order property that everything has, and (iii) existence as a second-order property of existents’ distinctive properties. Brentano offers a fourth and completely different approach to existence talk, however, one which falls naturally out of his theory of judgment. The purpose of this chapter is to present and motivate Brentano’s approach.

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Galaxy Formation: Some Comparisons between Theory and Observation

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900033350 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 391-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Michael Fall

Keyword(s):

Galaxy Formation ◽

Total Mass ◽

Virial Theorem ◽

Velocity Dispersion ◽

Rotation Velocity ◽

Morphological Type ◽

Fundamental Parameter ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

First Approximation ◽

Type Form

Before theoretical ideas in this subject can be compared with observational data, it is necessary to consider the properties of galaxies that are likely to be relics of their formation. Most astronomers would agree that the list of important parameters should be headed by the total mass M, energy E and angular momentum J. Next on the list should probably be the relative contributions to these quantities from the disc and bulge components of galaxies and denoted D/B for the mass ratio. They can be estimated from the median (i.e. half-mass) radius R, velocity dispersion σ and rotation velocity v of each component, either through the virial theorem or through the luminosity L and an assumed value of M/L. As a first approximation, it is reasonable to suppose that galaxies of a given disc-to-bulge ratio or morphological type form a sequence with mass as the fundamental parameter. The comparison of theory with data is further simplified by considering the extreme cases of ellipticals, with D/B << 1, and late-type spirals, with D/B >> 1. The approach outlined below is to explore the consequences of relaxing in succession the constraints that E, J and M be conserved during the collapse of proto-galaxies. In this article I concentrate on theories that are based on some form of hierarchical clustering because the pancake and related theories are not yet refined enough for a detailed confrontation with observations.

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