OPTIMAL CELLULAR NETWORK DEPLOYMENT REUSING EXISTING BASE STATIONS

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
GUANGBIN FAN ◽  
JINGYUAN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cellular Communications ◽  
Splitting Technique ◽  
Network Orientation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Original Cell ◽  
Fixed Cell

Cellular communications has experienced an explosive growth recently. In order to increase the capacity of a cellular network without new frequency spectrum allocation, it is a common practice to use base stations with a lower power transmitter. Cell splitting is one of such techniques, which increases the network capacity four-fold by dividing a cell into four smaller cells. Although the cell splitting technique can reuse the existing base stations, it requires that those existing base stations be uniformly distributed. In addition, the radius of each new cell is always half that of the original cell. In this paper, it is assumed that the radius of new cells can be of any smaller size, and that the existing base stations are not necessarily uniformly distributed. While new base stations can be placed at the cell centers based on the design of the new cellular network, existing base stations should be put as close to a cell center as possible in the new cellular network. The problem to be solved, referred to as the optimal cellular network deployment, can be formulated as follows: given a set of existing base stations and a planned cellular network that has a fixed cell size and network orientation but is movable, find a position to fix the movable cellular network such that the maximum distance between existing base stations and their corresponding cell centers is minimized. This paper shows that the optimal cellular network deployment problem can be solved in O(n3) time if n existing base stations will be reused.

scholarly journals Optimization of Cell Size in Ultra-Dense Networks with Multiattribute User Types and Different Frequency Bands

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqiao Wei ◽  
Seung-Hoon Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Ring Method ◽  
Total Network ◽  
Deployment Cost

Ultra-dense cellular networks (UDNs) represent the trend for 5G networks in dense urban environments. With the aim of exploring the optimal extent of network densification under different performance requirements and the trade-off between the network capacity and deployment cost in UDNs, a multiple-objective optimization model is proposed. This novel optimization design consists of a multiattribute user type in which users are grouped based on their propagation conditions and an infinitesimal dividing modeling method termed the ring method for network capacity dimensioning. The optimal cell size is estimated to maximize the total network capacity and minimize the deployment cost under different levels of user capacity demand. Additionally, the corresponding total network capacity and the required number of base stations are presented. Furthermore, two conventional frequency bands, 800 MHz and 1.8 GHz, and two new bands, 3.5 GHz and mmWave 28 GHz, are considered to investigate their feasibility and the potential of higher frequency bands in the 5G network.

Extended Cell Planning for Capacity Expansion and Power Optimization by Using MEMETIC Algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemraj Saini ◽  
L. K. Sharma ◽  
T. C. Panda ◽  
H. N. Pratihari
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Linear Programming Problem ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Memetic Algorithm ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cell Planning

In the current era of cellular world, cell planning plays an important role to achieve better performance of the cellular network. Capacity expansion and cost optimization of a newly activated base station by placing it at an optimized location is one of the primary objectives of the current manuscript. The locations of the new as well as the existing base stations are directly correlated to the required capacity demand and the power of the received signal at the base station which becomes the sensitive parameter for the cell planning. Therefore, cell planning is to be modeled to optimize the location of the base stations in the form of a linear programming problem. Further, the MEMETIC algorithm has to be used for the optimization of the multi-objectives of the scenario. The simulated results show that there is a significant enhancement in the capacity of the base stations (1% to 5%) as compared with the orientation of base stations achieved by random deployment.

Spindle scaling mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
Lara K. Krüger ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Spindle Assembly ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Spindle Structure

Abstract The mitotic spindle robustly scales with cell size in a plethora of different organisms. During development and throughout evolution, the spindle adjusts to cell size in metazoans and yeast in order to ensure faithful chromosome separation. Spindle adjustment to cell size occurs by the scaling of spindle length, spindle shape and the velocity of spindle assembly and elongation. Different mechanisms, depending on spindle structure and organism, account for these scaling relationships. The limited availability of critical spindle components, protein gradients, sequestration of spindle components, or post-translational modification and differential expression levels have been implicated in the regulation of spindle length and the spindle assembly/elongation velocity in a cell size-dependent manner. In this review, we will discuss the phenomenon and mechanisms of spindle length, spindle shape and spindle elongation velocity scaling with cell size.

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUATION METHOD OF THE STATUS OF BASE STATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE NEED OF THEIR UPGRADING

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Natalya Ivanovna Shaposhnikova ◽  
Alexander Aleksandrovich Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

The article consideres the problems of determining the need to modernize the base stations of the cellular network based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. To improve the quality of telecommunications services the operators should send significant funding for upgrading the equipment of base stations. Modernization can improve and extend the functions of base stations to provide cellular communication, increase the reliability of the base station in operation and the functionality of its individual elements, and reduce the cost of maintenance and repair when working on a cellular network. The complexity in collecting information about the equipment condition is determined by a large number of factors that affect its operation, as well as the imperfection of obtaining and processing the information received. For a comprehensive assessment of the need for modernization, it is necessary to take into account a number of indicators. In the structure of indicators of the need for modernization, there were introduced the parameters reflecting both the degree of aging and obsolescence(the technical gap and the backlog in connection with the emergence of new technologies and standards). In the process of a problem solving, the basic stages of decision-making on modernization have been allocated. Decision-making on the need for modernization is based not only on measuring information that takes into account the decision-makers, but also on linguistic and verbal information. Therefore, to determine the need for upgrading the base stations, the theory of fuzzy sets is used, with the help of which experts can be attracted to this issue. They will be able to formulate additional fuzzy judgments that help to take into account not only measuring characteristics, but also poorly formalized fuzzy information. To do this, the main indicators of the modernization need have been defined, and fuzzy estimates of the need for modernization for all indicators and a set of indicators reflecting the need for upgrading the base stations have been formulated.

Emulsion flow which preparation excludes a presence of mechanical impurities

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
A.A. Rakhimov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
First Case ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Emulsion Flow ◽  
Blocking Mechanism

Experiments were carried out with waterhydrocarbon emulsions with various emulsifiers in capillaries with a length of 2 cm, diameters of 40 and 100 µm. To eliminate the influence of mechanical impurities comparable in size with the diameter of the capillary in first case emulsion components were filtered through fine-meshed filters. In second case obtained that way emulsion was additionally filtered through a system consisting of 3 filters with a cell size of 30-40 microns. In a capillary of 100 µm such emulsion came in a blocked state. Additional filtration of the emulsion through the mesh filters have led to an increase in viscosity but in 100 µm capillaries the time until the blocking 2-3 times more than the original. Rheology of used emulsions is well described by the model of Ostwald-de Waale. It was determined that emulsion blocking mechanism is due to the presence of inclusions not emulsion viscosity.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Operation of Cellular Network Using On/Off Base Stations

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 108210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Hoon Choi ◽  
Jungerl Lee ◽  
Juhoon Back ◽  
Suwon Park ◽  
Young-uk Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Efficient Operation

scholarly journals Call Admission Scheme for Multidimensional Traffic Assuming Finite Handoff User

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Baitul Al Sadi ◽  
Afsana Nadia
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Network ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Traffic Model ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Handoff Call ◽  
Call Admission ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
A Cell

Usually, the number of users within a cell in a mobile cellular network is considered infinite; hence,M/M/n/kmodel is appropriate for new originated traffic, but the number of ongoing calls around a cell is always finite. Hence, the traffic model of handoff call will beM/M/n/k/N. In this paper, aK-dimensional traffic model of a mobile cellular network is proposed using the combination of limited and unlimited users case. A new call admission scheme (CAS) is proposed based on both thinning scheme and fading condition. The fading condition of the wireless channel access to a handoff call is prioritized compared to newly originated calls.

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