scholarly journals REPLY TO "COMMENT ON 'FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CO2 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS' BY JOSHUA B. HALPERN, CHRISTOPHER M. COLOSE, CHRIS HO-STUART, JOEL D. SHORE, ARTHUR P. SMITH, JÖRG ZIMMERMANN"

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERHARD GERLICH ◽  
RALF D. TSCHEUSCHNER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Fundamental Physical

It is shown that the notorious claim by Halpern et al. recently repeated in their comment that the method, logic, and conclusions of our "Falsification Of The CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics" would be in error has no foundation. Since Halpern et al. communicate our arguments incorrectly, their comment is scientifically vacuous. In particular, it is not true that we are "trying to apply the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to only one side of a heat transfer process rather than the entire process" and that we are "systematically ignoring most non-radiative heat flows applicable to Earth's surface and atmosphere". Rather, our falsification paper discusses the violation of fundamental physical and mathematical principles in 14 examples of common pseudo-derivations of fictitious greenhouse effects that are all based on simplistic pictures of radiative transfer and their obscure relation to thermodynamics, including but not limited to those descriptions (a) that define a "Perpetuum Mobile Of The 2nd Kind", (b) that rely on incorrectly calculated averages of global temperatures, (c) that refer to incorrectly normalized spectra of electromagnetic radiation. Halpern et al. completely missed an exceptional chance to formulate a scientifically well-founded antithesis. They do not even define a greenhouse effect that they wish to defend. We take the opportunity to clarify some misunderstandings, which are communicated in the current discussion on the non-measurable, i.e., physically non-existing influence of the trace gas CO2 on the climates of the Earth.

COMMENT ON "FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CO2 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS"

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1309-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSHUA B. HALPERN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER M. COLOSE ◽  
CHRIS HO-STUART ◽  
JOEL D. SHORE ◽  
ARTHUR P. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Surface Cool ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Complete Process

In this journal, Gerhard Gerlich and Ralf D. Tscheuschner claim to have falsified the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect.1 Here, we show that their methods, logic, and conclusions are in error. Their most significant errors include trying to apply the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to only one side of a heat transfer process rather than the entire process, and systematically ignoring most non-radiative heat flows applicable to the Earth's surface and atmosphere. They claim that radiative heat transfer from a colder atmosphere to a warmer surface is forbidden, ignoring the larger transfer in the other direction which makes the complete process allowed. Further, by ignoring heat capacity and non-radiative heat flows, they claim that radiative balance requires that the surface cool by 100 K or more at night, an obvious absurdity induced by an unphysical assumption. This comment concentrates on these two major points, while also taking note of some of Gerlich and Tscheuschner's other errors and misunderstandings.

The DRESOR Method for a Collimated Irradiation on an Isotropically Scattering Layer

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Cheng ◽  
Huai-Chun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Radiation Flux ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Arbitrary Direction ◽  
Scattering Layer ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
Angle Space

Forward and backward Monte Carlo methods may become inefficient when the radiant source is collimated and radiation onto a small, arbitrary spot and onto a small, arbitrary direction cone is desired. In this paper, the DRESOR method was formulated to study the radiative heat transfer process in an isotropically scattering layer exposed to collimated radiation. As the whole spherical solid angle space was uniformly divided into 13,316 discrete solid angles, the intensity at some point in up to such discrete directions was given. The radiation fluxes incident on a detector inside the layer for varying acceptance angles by a step of 2deg were also measured, which agreed well with those in literature. The radiation flux across the top and the bottom boundaries were also provided.

Algorithm and Program for Simulating Heat Transfer in Cavities of Structural Members under Fire Conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 90-93 ◽  
pp. 3227-3233
Author(s):  
Yong Jun Liu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Xing Tao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Coefficient Matrix ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Element Program ◽  
Fire Conditions

In this paper, an algorithm based on the network method suggested by Oppenheim for calculating the radiative heat flow in a cavity of structural members, say hollow core concrete slabs, exposed to fires is presented. It is assumed that the pressure in a cavity keeps atmospheric pressure through the whole cause of a fire, and the lost heat from the air due to expansion and immediate moving away from a cavity is neglected. The heat in a cavity is transfer via both heat conduction in air and thermal radiation among boundaries, and special regard is paid to modeling heat transfer by radiation. The effective radiative heat flow system of equations is derived and expressed in matrix form. The system of equations features a symmetric coefficient matrix, which can be stored in a one dimensional array, and can be solved using LDLT factorization. Node radiative thermal loads are calculated from effective radiative heat flows at edges of elements located on internal cavities. The nonlinear finite element program TFIELD written by first author has employed the new algorithm. Temperature distribution in two structural members with cavities are calculated using TFIELD, and numerical results demonstrate that the new algorithm is very effective and is useful for further study of structural behavior of structural members under fire conditions.

Introduction

1978 ◽  
Vol 288 (1355) ◽  
pp. 385-386
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Lower Mantle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Conductive Heat ◽  
Mantle Material ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
The Earth

During the last fifteen years, three major developments have influenced thinking on temperature distributions within the Earth and on the origin of magmas. Perhaps the most important was the recognition that large scale plate movements which have occurred at the Earth’s surface require large scale counterflow of mantle material in the solid state. The thermal diffusivity of mantle rocks and the scale of mantle flow are such that even if the flow velocity is as low as 1 mm/a, the temperature distribution within the Earth is governed by convective, rather than conductive, transfer of heat. This has meant that the majority of thermal models of the Earth’s interior have had to be discarded as irrelevant; nearly all were based on assumptions of conductive heat transfer with a transition downwards to radiative processes. It was a feature of these models that they all gave rather high temperatures in the lower mantle; indeed, in order to keep the lower mantle below its melting temperature it was commonly necessary both to invoke radiative heat transfer and to postulate concentration of nearly all the radioactive heat production in the upper few hundred kilometres. Today the approach is very different. Conductive calculations are thought to be appropriate for only the outermost part of the mantle — that part which is incorporated in the surface plates; below the plates and at their margins, which are zones of localized up welling or downward motion, temperatures are related to the circulating motions within the mantle. It is not clear at present how deep these motions extend; beyond reasonable doubt to 700 km, but possibly over the full depth of the mantle. Remaining constraints on the distribution of heat-producing elements are largely chemical rather than physical.

scholarly journals Memristor Equations: Incomplete Physics and Undefined Passivity/Activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 1771001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Sundqvist ◽  
David K. Ferry ◽  
Laszlo B. Kish
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Passive System ◽  
Circuit Element ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
Passive Device ◽  
Fluctuation Dissipation ◽  
Passive Circuit ◽  
Fundamental Physical

In his seminal paper, Chua presented a fundamental physical claim by introducing the memristor, “The missing circuit element”. The memristor equations were originally supposed to represent a passive circuit element because, with active circuitry, arbitrary elements can be realized without limitations. Therefore, if the memristor equations do not guarantee that the circuit element can be realized by a passive system, the fundamental physics claims about the memristor as “missing circuit element” loses all its weight. The question of passivity/activity belongs to physics thus we incorporate thermodynamics into the study of this problem. We show that the memristor equations are physically incomplete regarding the problem of passivity/activity. As a consequence, the claim that the present memristor functions describe a passive device lead to unphysical results, such as violating the Second Law of thermodynamics, in infinitely large number of cases. The seminal memristor equations cannot introduce a new physical circuit element without making the model more physical such as providing the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theory of memristors.

The Second Law, Gibbs Free Energy, Geometry, and Protein Folding

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Yi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Analytic Formula ◽  
Globular Protein ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Fundamental Physical

The fundamental physical law of protein folding is the second law of thermodynamics. The key to solve proteinfolding problem is to derive an analytic formula of the Gibbs free energy. It has been overdue for too long. Let U be a monomeric globular protein whose M atoms 1 M a are classified into hydrophobicity classes H H , ,H 1H 2.

Second Law Analysis and Synthesis of Solar Collector Systems

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bejan ◽  
D. W. Kearney ◽  
F. Kreith
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Second Law Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Minimum Heat

The second law of thermodynamics is used to analyze the potential for exergy conservation in solar collector systems. It is shown that the amount of useful energy (exergy) delivered by solar collector systems is affected by heat transfer irreversibilities occurring between the sun and the collector, between the collector and the ambient air, and inside the collector. Using as working examples an isothermal collector, a nonisothermal collector, and the design of the collector-user heat exchanger, the optimum operating conditions for minimum heat transfer irreversibility (maximum exergy delivery) are derived.

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