Topological invariance of the Hall conductance and quantization
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It is shown that the Kubo equation for the Hall conductance can be expressed as an integral which implies quantization of the Hall conductance. The integral can be interpreted as the first Chern class of a [Formula: see text] principal fiber bundle on a two-dimensional torus. This accounts for the conductance given as an integer multiple of [Formula: see text]. The formalism can be extended to deduce the fractional conductivity as well.
1989 ◽
Vol 03
(12)
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pp. 1965-1995
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2018 ◽
Vol 12
(1-2)
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pp. 239-249
1992 ◽
Vol 28
(4)
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pp. 503-533