scholarly journals Yang–Mills mass gap at large-N, noncommutative YM theory, topological quantum field theory and hyperfiniteness

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 1530017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bochicchio
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Renormalization Group ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Floer Homology ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Large N

We review a number of old and new concepts in quantum gauge theories, some of which are well-established but not widely appreciated, some are most recent, that may have analogs in gauge formulations of quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, and their topological versions, and may be of general interest. Such concepts involve noncommutative gauge theories and their relation to the large-N limit, loop equations and the change to the anti-selfdual (ASD) variables also known as Nicolai map, topological field theory (TFT) and its relation to localization and Morse–Smale–Floer homology, with an emphasis both on the mathematical aspects and the physical meaning. These concepts, assembled in a new way, enter a line of attack to the problem of the mass gap in large-NSU(N) Yang–Mills (YM), that is reviewed as well. Algebraic considerations furnish a measure of the mathematical complexity of a complete solution of large-NSU(N) YM: In the large-N limit of pure SU(N) YM the ambient algebra of Wilson loops is known to be a type II1 nonhyperfinite factor. Nevertheless, for the mass gap problem at the leading 1/N order, only the subalgebra of local gauge-invariant single-trace operators matters. The connected two-point correlators in this subalgebra must be an infinite sum of propagators of free massive fields, since the interaction is subleading in [Formula: see text], a vast simplification. It is an open problem, determined by the growth of the degeneracy of the spectrum, whether the aforementioned local subalgebra is in fact hyperfinite. Moreover, the sum of free propagators that occurs in the two-point correlators in the aforementioned local subalgebra must be asymptotic for large momentum to the result implied by the asymptotic freedom and the renormalization group: This fundamental constraint fixes asymptotically the residues of the poles of the propagators in terms of the mass spectrum and of the anomalous dimensions of the local operators. For the mass gap problem, in the search of a hyperfinite subalgebra containing the scalar sector of large-N YM, a major role is played by the existence of a TFT underlying the large-N limit of YM, with twisted boundary conditions on a torus or, which is the same by Morita duality, on a noncommutative torus. The TFT is trivial at the leading large-N order and localized on a set of critical points by means of a quantum version of Morse–Smale–Floer homology, that involves loop equations in the ASD variables. A hyperfinite sector arises by fluctuations around the trivial TFT, in which the joint spectrum of scalar and pseudoscalar glueballs is linear in the square of the masses [Formula: see text] with degeneracy k = 1, 2,…, and the two-point correlator satisfies the aforementioned fundamental constraint arising by the asymptotic freedom and the renormalization group.

scholarly journals Possible Explanation of the Quark Confinement and Asymptotic Freedom, and Possible Solution to the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 391-478
Author(s):  
Antonio Puccini
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Spatial Confinement ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Narrow Space

With this work, we try to answer 3 fundamental questions that have plagued mathematicians and physicists for several decades. As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assumptions of the gauge theories to be wrong, as well as in conflict with the experimental evidences and in clear disagreement with the facts, distorcing the physical reality itself. Likewise, the Quantum Fields Theory (QFT) is mathematically inconsistent, adopting a mathematical structure somewhat complicated and arbitrary, which does not satisfy the strong demands for coherence. The weakest point of the gauge theories, in our opinion, consists in imposing that all the particles must be free of an intrinsic mass (massless). On the contrary, even for the particle considered universally massless, i.e. the photon (P), our calculations show a dynamic-mass, a push-momentum (p) of 1.325⋅10−22[g⋅cm/s]. That is, an optic P hits a particle with an energy-mass greater than 100 protons rest-mass’. It is clear that if we replaced this value with the full value of the P inserted in the equations of the Perturbation Theory, QFT and Yang-Mills theories, all divergences, that is all zeroes and infinities, would suddenly disappear. Consequently, the limits imposed by the SSB disappear so that there is no longer any need to deny the mass to the Nuclear Forces bosons, including the Yang-Mills b quantum. Still, the photons (Ps) are the basis of the quantum vacuum energy, which is distributed ubiquitously, also within the intra-atomic spaces. It is likely that a lot of Ps were trapped in atomic nuclei (at the time of nucleosynthesis) and among quarks (Qs) at the time of primordial nucleonic synthesis. We believe that when Qs get too close to each other, till repelling each other (Asymptotic Freedom of Qs), this may depend on the presence of a multitude of Ps that, no further compressible, begin to exert an antigravity repulsive force, just as a Dark Energy. This limit to Compressibility (C) of the radiation is shown in equation: PV 4/3 = C, where V is the volume, and P is the Pressure of the photonic gas. Quantum Mechanics plays a crucial role, through the Uncertainty Principle, in the spatial Confinement of Qs, which have remained eternally confined in an extremely narrow space by the  Strong Interaction, but in primis by the very short range (likely ≈8.44[±1.44]⋅10-16cm) and lifetime of gluon(G) which, from our calculations, is ≈2.73[±0.564]⋅10-26 sec. Therefore, a new parameter may be added to the Qs and G spatial Confinement: the b quantum or G Temporal Confinement (and of their Colours and anti-Colours). 

scholarly journals ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM IN A SCALAR FIELD THEORY ON THE LATTICE

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (31) ◽  
pp. 2495-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT LANGFELD ◽  
HUGO REINHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Scalar Particle ◽  
Higgs Sector ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Scalar Field Theory ◽  
Large N ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
The Continuum

A scalar field theory in four space–time dimensions is proposed, which embodies a scalar condensate, but is free of the conceptual problems of standard ϕ4-theory. We propose an N-component, O(N)-symmetric scalar field theory, which is originally defined on the lattice. The scalar lattice model is analytically solved in the large-N limit. The continuum limit is approached via an asymptotically free scaling. The renormalized theory evades triviality, and furthermore gives rise to a dynamically formed mass of the scalar particle. The model might serve as an alternative to the Higgs sector of the standard model, where the quantum level of the standard ϕ4-theory contradicts phenomenology due to triviality.

scholarly journals ANTI-DE SITTER SPACE, THERMAL PHASE TRANSITION AND CONFINEMENT IN GAUGE THEORIES

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2747-2769 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD WITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theories ◽  
De Sitter Space ◽  
Spontaneous Breaking ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Conformal Field ◽  
Classical Geometry ◽  
Large N ◽  
Quantum Phenomena

The correspondence between supergravity (and string theory) on AdS space and boundary conformal field theory relates the thermodynamics of [Formula: see text] super-Yang–Mills theory in four dimensions to the thermodynamics of Schwarzschild black holes in anti-de Sitter space. In this description, quantum phenomena such as the spontaneous breaking of the center of the gauge group, magnetic confinement and the mass gap are coded in classical geometry. The correspondence makes it manifest that the entropy of a very large AdS Schwarzschild black hole must scale "holographically" with the volume of its horizon. By similar methods, one can also make a speculative proposal for the description of large N gauge theories in four dimensions without supersymmetry.

scholarly journals Diluted mass gap in strongly coupled non-local Yang-Mills

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Frasca ◽  
Anish Ghoshal
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Local Theory ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Non Locality

Abstract We investigate the non-perturbative regimes in the class of non-Abelian theories that have been proposed as an ultraviolet completion of 4-D Quantum Field Theory (QFT) generalizing the kinetic energy operators to an infinite series of higher-order derivatives inspired by string field theory. We prove that, at the non-perturbative level, the physical spectrum of the theory is actually corrected by the “infinite number of derivatives” present in the action. We derive a set of Dyson-Schwinger equations in differential form, for correlation functions till two-points, the solution for which are known in the local theory. We obtain that just like in the local theory, the non-local counterpart displays a mass gap, depending also on the mass scale of non-locality, and show that it is damped in the deep UV asymptotically. We point out some possible implications of our result in particle physics and cosmology and discuss aspects of non-local QCD-like scenarios.

scholarly journals Non-perturbative aspects of Sp(2N) gauge theories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jack Holligan
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Dirac Fermions ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Abelian Gauge ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Large N ◽  
Glueball Spectrum

Yang-Mills theories based on the symplectic groups – denoted by Sp(2N) – are inter-esting for both theoretical and phenomenological reasons. Sp(2N) theories with two fundamental Dirac fermions give rise to pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons which can be interpreted as a composite Higgs particle. This framework can describe the existing Higgs boson without the need for unnatural fine-tuning. This justifies a programme of wider investigations of Sp(2N) gauge theories aimed at understanding their general behaviour. In this work, we study the glueball mass spectrum for Sp(2N) Yang-Mills theories using the variational method applied to Monte-Carlo generated gauge config-urations. This is carried out both for finite N and in the limit N → ∞. The results are compared to existing results for SU(N) Yang-Mills theories, again, for finite- and large-N. Our glueball analysis is then used to investigate some conjectures related to the behaviour of the spectrum in Yang-Mills theories based on a generic non-Abeliangauge group G. We also find numerical evidence that Sp(2N) groups confine both for finite and large N. As well as studying the glueball spectrum, we examine the quenched-meson spectrum for fermions in the fundamental, antisymmetric and sym-metric representations for N = 2 and N = 3. This study enables us to provide a first account of how the related observables vary with N. The investigations presented in this work contribute to our understanding of the non-perturbative dynamics of Sp(2N) gauge theories in connection with Higgs compositeness and, more in general, with fun-damental open problems in non-Abelian gauge theories such as confinement and global symmetry breaking.

scholarly journals Gauge Invariance and Mass Gap in (2+1)-Dimensional Yang–Mills Theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (06) ◽  
pp. 1161-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Karabali ◽  
V. P. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Abelian Gauge ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

In terms of a gauge-invariant matrix parametrization of the fields, we give an analysis of how the mass gap could arise in non-Abelian gauge theories in two spatial dimensions.

Asymptotic freedom in gauge theories and quantum gravity

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Vol'fengaut ◽  
I. L. Shapiro ◽  
E. G. Yagunov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom

scholarly journals PHYSICAL SPECTRUM FROM CONFINED EXCITATIONS IN A YANG–MILLS-INSPIRED TOY MODEL

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1350034 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. L. CAPRI ◽  
D. DUDAL ◽  
M. S. GUIMARAES ◽  
L. F. PALHARES ◽  
S. P. SORELLA
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Spectral Representation ◽  
Complex Conjugate ◽  
Meson Mass ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Physical Spectrum ◽  
Real Mass ◽  
Particle Interpretation

We study a toy model for an interacting scalar field theory in which the fundamental excitations are confined in the sense of having unphysical, positivity-violating propagators, a fact tracing back to a decomposition of these in propagators with complex conjugate mass poles (the so-called i-particles). Similar two-point functions show up in certain approaches to gluon or quark propagators in Yang–Mills gauge theories. We investigate the spectrum of our model and show that suitable composite operators may be constructed having a well-defined Källén–Lehmann spectral representation, thus allowing for a particle interpretation. These physical excitations would correspond to the "mesons" of the model, the latter being bound states of two unphysical i-particles. The meson mass is explicitly estimated from the pole emerging in a resummed class of diagrams. The main purpose of this paper is thus to explicitly verify how a real mass pole can and does emerge out of constituent i-particles that have complex masses.

scholarly journals STRINGS AND MEMBRANES FROM EINSTEIN GRAVITY, MATRIX MODELS AND W∞ GAUGE THEORIES AS PATHS TO QUANTUM GRAVITY

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (24) ◽  
pp. 3901-3945
Author(s):  
CARLOS CASTRO
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Quantum Hall ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Irreducible Representations ◽  
Large N ◽  
Conformal Spin ◽  
Infinite Component ◽  
2D And 3D

It is shown how w∞, w1+∞ gauge field theory actions in 2D emerge directly from 4D gravity. Strings and membranes actions in 2D and 3D originate as well from 4D Einstein gravity after recurring to the nonlinear connection formalism of Lagrange–Finsler and Hamilton–Cartan spaces. Quantum gravity in 3D can be described by a W∞ matrix model in D = 1 that can be solved exactly via the collective field theory method. We describe why a quantization of 4D gravity could be attained via a 2D quantum W∞ gauge theory coupled to an infinite-component scalar-multiplet. A proof that noncritical W∞ (super)strings are devoid of BRST anomalies in dimensions D = 27(D = 11), respectively, follows and which coincide with the critical (super)membrane dimensions D = 27(D = 11). We establish the correspondence between the states associated with the quasifinite highest weights irreducible representations of W∞, [Formula: see text] algebras and the quantum states of the continuous Toda molecule. Schrödinger-like quantum mechanics wave functional equations are derived and solutions are found in the zeroth-order approximation. Since higher-conformal spin W∞ symmetries are very relevant in the study of 2DW∞ gravity, the quantum Hall effect, large N QCD, strings, membranes, … it is warranted to explore further the interplay among all these theories.

scholarly journals A REMARK ON NONCONFORMAL NONSUPERSYMMETRIC THEORIES WITH VANISHING VACUUM ENERGY DENSITY

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (27) ◽  
pp. 1761-1773
Author(s):  
OLINDO CORRADINI ◽  
ALBERTO IGLESIAS ◽  
ZURAB KAKUSHADZE ◽  
PETER LANGFELDER
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Large N

We discuss nonconformal nonsupersymmetric large-N gauge theories with vanishing vacuum energy density to all orders in perturbation theory. These gauge theories can be obtained via a field theory limit of type IIB D3-branes embedded in orbifolded space–times. We also discuss gravity in this setup.

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