scholarly journals Evidence of cosmic strings by the observation of the alignment of quasar polarization axes on Mpc scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (09) ◽  
pp. 1850094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinoud Jan Slagter
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Cosmic String ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Approximation Scheme ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Goldstone Boson ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Compact Objects ◽  
Warp Factor

The recently found alignment of the polarization axes (PA) of quasars in large quasar groups (LQGs) on Mpc scales can be explained by general relativistic cosmic string networks. By considering the cosmic string as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking of the gauged U(1) abelian Higgs model with topological charge [Formula: see text], many stability features of [Formula: see text]-vortex solutions of superconductivity can be taken over. Decay of the high multiplicity ([Formula: see text]) super-conducting vortex into a lattice of [Formula: see text] vortices of unit magnetic flux is energetically favorable. The temporarily broken axial symmetry will leave an imprint of a preferred azimuthal-angle on the lattice. The stability of the lattice depends critically on the parameters of the model, especially when gravity comes into play. In order to handle the strong nonlinear behavior of the time-dependent coupled field equations of gravity and the scalar-gauge field, we will use a high-frequency approximation scheme to second order on a warped 5D axially symmetric spacetime with the scalar-gauge field residing on the brane. We consider different winding numbers for the subsequent orders of perturbations of the scalar field. A profound contribution to the energy–momentum tensor comes from the bulk spacetime and can be understood as “dark”-energy. The cosmic string becomes super-massive by the contribution of the 5D Weyl tensor on the brane and the stored azimuthal preferences will not fade away. During the recovery to axial symmetry, gravitational and electro-magnetic radiation will be released. The perturbative appearance of a nonzero energy–momentum component [Formula: see text] can be compared with the phenomenon of bifurcation along the Maclaurin–Jacobi sequence of equilibrium ellipsoids of self-gravitating compact objects, signaling the onset of secular instabilities. There is a kind of similarity with the Goldstone-boson modes of spontaneously broken symmetries of continuous groups. The recovery of the SO(2) symmetry from the equatorial eccentricity takes place on a time-scale comparable with the emission of gravitational waves. The emergent azimuthal-angle dependency in our model can be used to explain the aligned PA in LQGs on Mpc scales. Spin axis direction perpendicular to the major axes of LQGs when the richness decreases can be explained as a second-order effect in our approximation scheme by the higher multiplicity terms. The preferred directions are modulo [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] being an integer dependent on the [Formula: see text]th order of approximation. When more data of quasars of high redshift becomes available, one could prove that the alignment emerged after the symmetry breaking scale and must have a cosmological origin. The effect of the warp factor on the second-order perturbations could also be an indication of the existence of extra large dimensions.

APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF STATIONARY GAUGE STRINGS ON THE (r, z)-PLANE

1995 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. SLAGTER
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Approximation Scheme ◽  
Analytic Solution ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Singular Behavior ◽  
Axially Symmetric ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Symmetric Spacetime

We derive a class of approximate solutions of the coupled Einstein-scalar-gauge field equations on an axially symmetric spacetime. An analytic solution of the resulting elliptic PDE’s can be obtained to any desired order by constructing the Riemann functions. As an example model, a solution is presented, which resembles the Nielsen-Olesen vortex close to the z=0 hyperplane. However, the solution shows some significant deviation from the classical vortex off the z=0 plane. The singular behavior, which one usually encounters in line-mass models, manifests itself through the second-order solutions in the approximation scheme. Further, in this “toy”-model, with sufficient angular momentum of the spinning string, gφφ becomes negative for some values of r.

scholarly journals New Evidence of the Azimuthal Alignment of Quasars Spin Vector in the LQG U1.28, U1.27, U1.11, Cosmologically Explained

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinoud Jan Slagter
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Polar Angle ◽  
Position Angle ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Host Galaxy ◽  
Axially Symmetry ◽  
Superconducting Vortices

There has been observational evidence about spin axes of quasars in large quasar groups correlated over hundreds of Mpc. This is seen in the radio spectrum as well as in the optical range. There is not yet a satisfactory explanation of this "spooky" alignment. This alignment cannot be explained by mutual interaction at the time that quasars manifest themselves optically. A cosmological explanation could be possible in the formation of superconducting vortices (cosmic strings) in the early universe, just after the symmetry-breaking phase of the universe. We gathered from the NASA/IPAC and SIMBAD extragalactic databases the right ascension, declination, inclination, position angle and eccentricity of the host galaxies of 3 large quasar groups to obtain the azimuthal and polar angle of the spin vectors. The alignment of the azimuthal angle of the spin vectors of quasars in their host galaxy is confirmed in the large quasar group U1.27 and compared with two other groups in the vicinity, i.e., U1.11 and U1.28. It is well possible that the azimuthal angle alignment fits the predicted azimuthal angle dependency in the theoretical model of the formation of general relativistic superconducting vortices, where the initial axially symmetry is broken just after the symmetry breaking of the scalar-gauge field.} \keyword{quasar groups; alignment spin vectors; host galaxy; cosmic strings; symmetry breaking; scalar-gauge field.

scholarly journals On the azimuthal alignment of quasars spin vector in large quasar groups and cosmic strings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinoud J Slagter ◽  
Pieter G Miedema
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Host Galaxy ◽  
Spin Vector

Abstract We find evidence of the alignment of the azimuthal angle of the spin vectors of quasars in their host galaxy in large quasar groups of different redshift. This effect could be explained by symmetry breaking of the scalar-gauge field of cosmic strings in the early universe. It is expected that this effect will be more profound for higher red shift.

scholarly journals Structure of flavor changing Goldstone boson interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Sun ◽  
Yu Cheng ◽  
Xiao-Gang He
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Goldstone Boson ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Majorana Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Masses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Flavor Changing ◽  
Flavor Changing Neutral Current

Abstract General flavor changing Goldstone boson (GB) interactions with fermions from a spontaneous global U(1)G symmetry breaking are discussed. This GB may be the Axion, solving the strong QCD CP problem, if there is a QCD anomaly for the assignments of quarks U(1)G charge. Or it may be the Majoron, producing seesaw Majorana neutrino masses by lepton number violation, if the symmetry breaking scale is much higher than the electroweak scale. It may also, in principle, play the roles of Axion and Majoron simultaneously as far as providing solution for the strong CP problem and generating a small Majorana neutrino masses are concerned. Great attentions have been focused on flavor conserving GB interactions. Recently flavor changing Axion and Majoron models have been studied in the hope to find new physics from rare decays in the intensity frontier. In this work, we will provide a systematic model building aspect study for flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) GB interactions in the fermion sectors, or separately in the quark, charged lepton and neutrino sectors and will identify in detail the sources of FCNC interactions in a class of beyond standard model with a spontaneous global U(1)G symmetry breaking. We also provide a general proof of the equivalence of using physical GB components and GB broken generators for calculating GB couplings to two gluons and two photons, and discuss some issues related to spontaneous CP violation models. Besides, we will also provide some details for obtaining FCNC GB interactions in several popular models, such as the Type-I, -II, -III seesaw and Left-Right symmetric models, and point out some special features in these models.

S=1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with an axial-symmetry-breaking anisotropy

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (18) ◽  
pp. 10385-10388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiôru Sakai ◽  
Minoru Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Heisenberg Chain

scholarly journals Some solutions of Einstein's gravitational equations for systems with axial symmetry

1930 ◽  
Vol 126 (803) ◽  
pp. 592-602 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Newtonian Potential ◽  
Static Distribution ◽  
Gravitational Equations

§1. In this paper we find solutions of Einstein’s gravitational equations G μν = 0 which give the field due to any static distribution of matter sym­metrical about an axis; in the later part of the paper an angular velocity about the axis is introduced. We take the ground form ds 2 = - e λ ( dx 2 + dr 2 ) - e -ρ r 2 d θ 2 + e ρ dt 2 , (1) where λ, ρ are functions of x and r . Further we take ρ to be the Newtonian potential of an auxiliary distribution of matter of density σ ( x, r ), the potential being calculated as though our co-ordinates were Euclidean. We find that it is then possible to determine λ, so that the equations G μν = 0 are exactly satisfied everywhere outside the auxiliary body. λ is nearly equal to —ρ, the quantity μ = λ + ρ being of the second order in terms of σ.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism of symmetry breaking in a 3D model of a human epiblast

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mijo Simunovic ◽  
Jakob J. Metzger ◽  
Fred Etoc ◽  
Anna Yoney ◽  
Albert Ruzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

ABSTRACTBreaking the anterior-posterior (AP) symmetry in mammals takes place at gastrulation. Much of the signaling network underlying this process has been elucidated in the mouse, however there is no direct molecular evidence of events driving axis formation in humans. Here, we use human embryonic stem cells to generate an in vitro 3D model of a human epiblast whose size, cell polarity, and gene expression are similar to a 10-day human epiblast. A defined dose of bone mor-phogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) spontaneously breaks axial symmetry, and induces markers of the primitive streak and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. By gene knockouts and live-cell imaging we show that, downstream of BMP4, WNT3 and its inhibitor DKK1 play key roles in this process. Our work demonstrates that a model human epiblast can break axial symmetry despite no asymmetry in the initial signal and in the absence of extraembryonic tissues or maternal cues. Our 3D model opens routes to capturing molecular events underlying axial symmetry breaking phenomena, which have largely been unexplored in model human systems.

scholarly journals Angle deficit and nonlocal gravitoelectromagnetism around a slowly spinning cosmic string

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 2043027
Author(s):  
Jens Boos
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Cosmic String ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Gravitomagnetic Field ◽  
Simply Connected

Cosmic strings, as remnants of the symmetry breaking phase in the Early universe, may be susceptible to nonlocal physics. Here, we show that the presence of a Poincaré-invariant nonlocality—parametrized by a factor [Formula: see text]—regularizes the gravitational field and thereby changes the properties of spacetime: it is now simply connected and the angle deficit around the cosmic string becomes a function of the radial distance. Similar changes occur for the nonlocal gravitomagnetic field of a rotating cosmic string, and we translate these mathematical facts into the language of nonlocal gravitoelectromagnetism and thereby provide a physical interpretation. We hope that these insights might provide a helpful perspective in the search for traces of nonlocal physics in our universe.

Strain-dependent anisotropic nonlinear optical response in two-dimensional functionalized MXene Sc2CT2 (T = O and OH)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (37) ◽  
pp. 21428-21435
Author(s):  
Chuan He ◽  
Qiyi Zhao ◽  
Yuanyuan Huang ◽  
Wanyi Du ◽  
Lipeng Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Nonlinear Coefficient ◽  
Optical Response ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Response ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Strain Dependent

Due to the different contribution of the second-order nonlinear coefficient, the pattern of azimuthal angle-dependent SHG from stained Sc2CT2 monolayers depends highly on the strained states.

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