scholarly journals UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Fractals ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
WATARU SOUMA
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
High Income ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Universal Structure ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

We investigate the Japanese personal income distribution in the high income range over the 112 years (1887–1998), and that in the middle income range over the 44 years (1955–1998). It is observed that the distribution pattern of the log-normal with power law tail is the universal structure. However, the indexes specifying the distribution differ from year to year. One of the index characterizing the distribution is the mean value of the log-normal distribution; the mean income in the middle income range. It is found that this value correlates linearly with the gross domestic product (GDP). To clarify the temporal change of the equality or inequality of the distribution, we analyze Pareto and Gibrat indexes, which characterize the distribution in the high income range and that in the middle income range, respectively. It is found for some years that there is no correlation between the high income and the middle income. It is also shown that the mean value of Pareto index equals to 2, and the change of this index is effected by the change of the asset price. From these analysis, we derive four constraints that must be satisfied by mathematical models.

Dust lidar ratios retrieved from the space-borne CALIOP measurements using the MODIS AOD as a constraint

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Woo Kim ◽  
Man-Hae Kim ◽  
Ali Omar
Keyword(s):  
Mean Values ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
Lidar Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Level 2

<p class="MDPI31text"><span lang="EN-US">Dust lidar ratios are retrieved by a synergetic use of CALIOP and MODIS products for 5 years from 2007 to 2011. The CALIOP level 1 total attenuated backscatter data is used for the retrieval and the CALIOP level 2 aerosol profile product is used to determine dust layers. Quality assured (QA > 1 for dark target ocean, QA = 3 for deep blue land) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from the MODIS level 2 aerosol product is used as constraint. MODIS AOD retrievals and CALIOP attenuated backscatter profiles closer than 10 km from the center of MODIS pixel are defined as collocated measurements. Clouds are screened out for both CALIOP and MODIS. The retrieval is performed for the whole column of the atmosphere from 30 km to the surface adopting a constant lidar ratio of 30 sr for aerosols of clear air above the detected layers. The retrieved dust lidar ratios show a log-normal distribution with mean (median) values of 39.5 ± 16.8 (38.1) sr and 46.6 ± 36.3 (39.2) sr for ocean and land, respectively. The mean values are comparable to the value of 44 sr currently used in the CALIOP level 2 aerosol algorithm but the median values are relatively lower. There is a distinct regional variation in the retrieved dust lidar ratios. Dust lidar ratio is larger for the Saharan Desert (49.5 ± 36.8 sr) than the Arabian Desert (42.5 ± 26.2 sr), which is consistent with many previous studies. Dust aerosols transported to the Mediterranean Sea (44.4 ± 15.9 sr), Mid Atlantic (40.3 ± 12.4 sr) and Arabian Sea (37.5 ± 12.1 sr) show lower values compared with their source regions. An aging process of the long-range transported dust to remote ocean may be responsible for low lidar ratios. Dust lidar ratio over ocean in East Asia is 41.8 ± 27.6 sr is comparable with previous studies. Over Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts region the retrieved dust lidar ratios (35.5 ± 31.1 sr) show low values but still comparable with previous studies. Dust lidar ratios for Australia (35.4 ± 34.4 sr) are also relatively low compared with other regions. Although the mean AOD difference between CALIOP and MODIS is small (close to zero), the distribution of the AOD difference shows that the CALIOP AOD is biased low. However, when including clear air AOD for CALIOP, AODs from the two sensors become more comparable. A conclusion that can be drawn from this is that retrieving only for the detected layers in the CALIOP algorithm is one of the major reasons for lower AODs for CALIOP than MODIS. Lidar ratios retrieved in this study are strongly affected by MODIS AOD, because it is used as a constraint for the retrieval. </span></p>

scholarly journals Changes in numbers and heparin content of peritoneal fluid mast cells of growing rats measured by flow cytofluorometry.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Berlin ◽  
L Enerbäck
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Flow Cytofluorometry ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Peritoneal Mast Cells ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

A cytofluorometric method, based on berberine staining of mast cell heparin, was used for flow cytofluorometric counting and heparin quantitation of mast cells in crude peritoneal suspensions of growing rats. The automatic flow cytofluorometric counting of mast cells correlated well with hemocytometer cell counts. The mean mast cell heparin content obtained by flow cytofluorometry showed good agreement with such obtained by cytofluorometry of microscopically identified mast cells. The number of peritoneal mast cells and the mean mast cell heparin content was found to increase as the animals grew older. The results of the microscope fluorometric measurements suggested that the heparin content was normally distributed within mast cell populations of both young and old rats. However, the heparin distributions obtained by flow cytofluorometry were often positively skewed but did not fulfill the condition of the log-normal distribution.

scholarly journals Estimating the mean and variance from the five-number summary of a log-normal distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-531
Author(s):  
Jiandong Shi ◽  
Tiejun Tong ◽  
Yuedong Wang ◽  
Marc G. Genton
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

scholarly journals Inference of COVID-19 epidemiological distributions from Brazilian hospital data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Hawryluk ◽  
Thomas A Mellan ◽  
Henrique H Hoeltgebaum ◽  
Ricardo Schnekenberg ◽  
Swapnil Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Federal District ◽  
Patient Admission ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Best Fit

Knowing COVID-19 epidemiological distributions, such as the time from patient admission to death, is directly relevant to effective primary and secondary care planning, and moreover, the mathematical modelling of the pandemic generally. We determine epidemiological distributions for patients hospitalised with COVID-19 using a large dataset (N=21,000-157,000) from the Brazilian Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe database. A joint Bayesian subnational model with partial pooling is used to simultaneously describe the 26 states and one federal district of Brazil, and shows significant variation in the mean of the symptom-onset-to-death time, with ranges between 11.2-17.8 days across the different states, and a mean of 15.2 days for Brazil. We find strong evidence in favour of specific probability density function choices: for example, the gamma distribution gives the best fit for onset-to-death and the generalised log-normal for onset-to-hospital-admission. Our results show that epidemiological distributions have considerable geographical variation, and provide the first estimates of these distributions in a low and middle-income setting. At the subnational level, variation in COVID-19 outcome timings are found to be correlated with poverty, deprivation and segregation levels, and weaker correlation is observed for mean age, wealth and urbanicity.

Inert gas a-A differences: a direct reflection of V/Q distribution

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Neufeld ◽  
J. J. Williams ◽  
P. L. Klineberg ◽  
B. E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Direct Reflection ◽  
Direct Calculations ◽  
Difference Plot ◽  
Inert Gas Retention

A computer model was developed to study the relationship between ventilation-to-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch and the development of inert gas arterial-to-alveolar partial pressure differences (a-A differences). Increasing inhomogeneity of V/Q ratio is revealed directly as an increase in the a-A difference of each gas. The quantitative relationships between the Q vs. V/Q distribution and the fractional a-A difference solubility plot (a-A difference plot) were studied and described. These studies demonstrated that for log normally distributed V/Q ratios, the area under the a-A difference plot is linearly related to the log variance of the V/Q distribution and can be estimated directly from the values obtained from six gases. The maximum a-A difference occurs for a gas whose solubility is numerically equal to the mean V/Q. The effects of departure from log normality and multimodality are discussed. We conclude from these studies that quantitative information regarding the degree of inhomogeneity of V/Q for log normal distribution is available from direct calculations of inert gas retention and excretion data. Qualitative information is also available indicating the departure from log normality and the region toward which the distribution is skewed.

Income Distribution and Consumption Deprivation: An Analytical Link

2008 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sushanta K. Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Deprivation Approach ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Essential Food

This article conceives poverty in terms of the consumption of essential food, makes use of a new deprivation (or poverty) function, and examines the effects of changes in the mean and the variance of the income distribution on poverty, assuming a log-normal income distribution. The presence of a saturation level of consumption can be treated as a poverty-line threshold as opposed to an exogenous income-based poverty line. Within such a consumption deprivation approach, the article proves analytically that rising mean income reduces poverty while rising variance of income distribution increases poverty.

scholarly journals Inequality, Leverage, and Crises

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1217-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kumhof ◽  
Romain Rancière ◽  
Pablo Winant
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Share ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The paper studies how high household leverage and crises can be caused by changes in the income distribution. Empirically, the periods 1920–1929 and 1983–2008 both exhibited a large increase in the income share of high-income households, a large increase in debt leverage of low- and middle-income households, and an eventual financial and real crisis. The paper presents a theoretical model where higher leverage and crises are the endogenous result of a growing income share of high-income households. The model matches the profiles of the income distribution, the debt-to-income ratio and crisis risk for the three decades preceding the Great Recession. (JEL D14, D31, D33, E32, E44, G01, N22)

New Insights into the Role of Personal Income on International Tourism

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752090770
Author(s):  
Aon Waqas-Awan ◽  
Jaume Rosselló-Nadal ◽  
Maria Santana-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Tourism Flows ◽  
Yearly Data

This study aims to investigate the role of personal income in the income elasticity of tourism demand and, more specifically, the hypothesis that the richest and poorest individuals both tend to react less to changes in income than middle-class individuals, who tend to be more sensitive. To that end, this study applies different strategies within the context of a gravity model, using yearly data from 1995 to 2016 and bilateral tourism flows between 192 countries. Results show that income elasticity is determined to a significant extent by per capita income in the origin country and they confirm the inverted-U relationship between income elasticity and personal income. The study indicates that middle-income countries are more elastic than low- and high-income ones, while high-income countries display an inelastic or nonsignificant relationship.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document