Anthelmintic Activity of Nine Varieties of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp on Haemonchus contortus from Sheep

Background: Internal parasitosis is the most important parasitism in small ruminants in tropical region. Synthetic anthelmintics are usually used for their control. Due to the emergence of resistance in worm population, the use of alternative methods such as plants bioactive molecules are developed. This study aimed at assessing anthelmintic activity of nine varieties of Cajanus cajan, a taniferous plant cultivated in West Africa. Methods: Leaves of the nine varieties of Cajanus cajan were dried, ground and hydroacetonic extracts were obtained by cold maceration at a concentration of 60 mg/ml. Live adult of Haemonchus contortus were obtained from sheep’s stomach and exposed, in triplicate, to the following solutions: hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml), hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml) associated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (50 mg/ml), Levamisole (20 mg/ml) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Worm death time was recorded for each treatment. Result: Worms exposed to Levamisole recorded the shortest death time about 9.73±1.77 min. The potent of the extracts induced worm death time of 64.83±4.73 min while the least efficient induced a death time of 156.50±23.20 min. Worms in the PBS solution were still alive after 24 hours of exposure. These results indicated that the four varieties of C. cajan used in this study have promising wormicidal. Besides that, the effect of tannins were not the only compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity.

Assessment of Anthelmintic Property and Insilico study of phytocompounds in roots of Dechaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn.

Background:Worm infections in developing countries were reported high. Phytoconstituents have been a vital role for the treatment of many ailments. The current study was aimed assess for anthelmintic activity of different root extracts of Dechaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn. belongs to the family Ebanaceae against Pheretima posthuma. Further Insilico study was carried out for phytocompounds present in Dechaschistia. Results: The chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol extract of Dechaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn. were considered for the study of anthelmintic property on earthworms at concentrations 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml. During this study, the parameters paralysis time (Pt) and Death Time (Dt) of adult Indian earthworms was observed. As a standard and control Albendazole 10 mg/ml and 2% Tween 80 in distilled water were taken respectively. The study resulted that ethanolic extract was significant when compared with the Albendazole 10 mg/ml. Docking studies revealed the all phytocompounds in Dechaschistia shown binding affinity, however comparatively scopoletin and stigmasterol had shown a good binding affinitiy about -7.7 Kcal/mol and -7.6 Kcal/mol compared to standard drug Albendazole which was shown about -8.7 Kcal/mol. Conclusion: The study revealed that the ethanol extract of Dechaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn. at a concentration of 60mg/ml exhibited a stronger anthelmintic property compared to Albendazole 10mg/ml. A dose dependent anthelmintic activity is exerted by all the extracts in an ascending manner Chloroform<Ethyl acetate<Ethanol. These observations were made evidenced by docking studies of phytocompounds in Dechaschistia as the phytocompounds were shown excellent docking score when compared with standard Albendazole.

Top of Basilar Artery Infarction: A Case Series from Sudan

The posterior circulation represents 20% of blood supply of the brain and its occlusion commonly by embolism cause brainstem, cerebellar and lower cerebral infarction. The clinical presentation varies from mild innocent symptoms leading to sever neurological deficit or death. Time of intervention is vital commonly with antithrombatic drugs or through intervention. Here, we report two Sudanese patients who had a complicated medical sequence over months ended as top of basilar artery occlusion received anticoagulants and supportive therapy according to their condition showed a variable recovery over weeks.

Tendencia actual de la mortalidad materna. Maternidad “Concepción Palacios” 2014-2020

Objective: To analyze maternal mortality in the Maternidad “Concepción Palacios” Hospital between January 2014 and December 2020. Methods: A descriptive, analytical, and retrospective study of maternal deaths occurred in the 2013-2018 period was carried out. Results: There were 73 maternal deaths, and a ratio of 135.96 per 100,000 live births. Direct maternal deaths were 60, 82.19% of the population and 13 indirect maternal deaths, 17.80%. The causes of direct maternal death were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 48.33%, sepsis 26.66%, and obstetric hemorrhage 23.33%, with a 1: 3 ratios of maternal deaths at extreme ages of reproductive life. Conclusions: The maternal death ratio in the Maternidad “Concepción Palacios” Hospital duplicates the goals of the sustainable development goals of the 2016-2030 agenda; there is an increase in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy as a direct cause of maternal mortality. Primiparity, the absence or lack of data from prenatal control, cesarean sections, and admission-death time of less than 24 hours prevailed. Recommendations: Advances are needed in sexual and reproductive health education, education and training of health personnel in extreme maternal morbidity, analysis by theoretical premises identifying the social determinants of maternal mortality and the health reality related to its management, implementing preventive public policies with specific care guidelines. Keywords: Maternal mortality, Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Maternal sepsis, Obstetric hemorrhage.

Pathogenesis of Velogenic Genotype VII.1.1 Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Chicken in Egypt via Different Inoculation Routes: Molecular, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Study

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry. There is scarce information concerning the pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of the circulating velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Egypt. In the present work, NDV was screened from tracheal swabs collected from several broiler chicken farms (N = 12) in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) was used for screening of velogenic and mesogenic NDV strains through targeting F gene fragment amplification, followed by sequencing of the resulting PCR products. The identified strain, namely, NDV-CH-EGYPT-F42-DAKAHLIA-2019, was isolated and titrated in the allantoic cavity of 10 day old specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and then their virulence was determined by mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI). The pathogenicity of the identified velogenic NDV strain was also assessed in 28 day old chickens using different inoculation routes as follows: intraocular, choanal slit, intranasal routes, and a combination of both intranasal and intraocular routes. In addition, sera were collected 5 and 10 days post inoculation (pi) for the detection of NDV antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), and tissue samples from different organs were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. A series of different clinical signs and postmortem lesions were recorded with the various routes. Interestingly, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for NDV nucleoprotein displayed widespread systemic distribution. The intensity of viral nucleoprotein immunolabeling was detected within different cells including the epithelial and endothelium lining, as well as macrophages. The onset, distribution, and severity of the observed lesions were remarkably different between various inoculation routes. Collectively, a time-course comparative pathogenesis study of NDV infection demonstrated the role of different routes in the pathogenicity of NDV. The intranasal challenge was associated with a prominent increase in NDV lesions, whereas the choanal slit route was the route least accompanied by severe NDV pathological findings. Clearly, the present findings might be helpful for implementation of proper vaccination strategies against NDV.

Obese Body Mass Index in late-life as a protective factor for Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Death

Objective: The goal of the current study was to estimate the hazards of conversion from unimpaired to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to probable dementia and death for underweight, normal, overweight and obese older adults in an aging cohort where the timing of examinations may be associated with the severity of dementia. Methods: We analyzed six waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS); a longitudinal aging cohort. Participants were classified into mutually exclusive cognitive statuses: cognitively unimpaired, MCI, probable dementia and death. Time-to-event ratios and cognitive transitions were examined with multistate survival models accounting for misclassification. BMI was computed from height and weight measurements and expressed in kg/m2 and categorized into underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Results: Participants (n=6,078) were 77 years old, on average, and the majority were white, females and high school graduates. About one third (32.68%) of the sample has normal BMI, one third is overweight (35.59%), the rests are obese (26.41%) or underweight (5.33%). After adjusting for the effects of diabetes, CVD, vigorous physical activity, age and race/ethnicity, the protective effect of obesity in late-life against developing dementia (HR=0.44; 95%CI[0.29-0.67]) and dying from dementia (HR=0.63; 95%CI[0.42-0.95). Discussion: Prior research shows the risk of dementia associated with obesity at older ages is either attenuated or reversed. Our findings support a protective factor of obesity in late-life against conversion to dementia and death.

Educating to the collateral. For a pedagogy of the event

The starting point of the article will be an analysis of the adjective “collateral” (from the late Latin collateralis, understood not only as “something that is beside” but also as “what accompanies us”, “is related to”, “is connected to” and “has a common origin” – meanings that we also find in the Greek terms plaghios and synghenes –) conducted through a deconstructive approach. In times of deep crisis such as that caused by a planetary pandemic, the article highlights how to enjoy the fullness of life is necessary an aesthetic education conceived inseparably from the emotional and moral ones. Also, the article will show how the fruition of authentic beauty in human beings is intimately connected with death, time and eros. The latter represent conceptual categories intimately connected and “collateral” (because they have a common origin and always appear “side by side”), and in them lies the possibility of an authentic enjoyment of existence and its beauty. It is death that gives value to life, and it is always death that is at the very origin of the creation of all human values. The possibility of giving value and enjoying the whole meaning of life lies in the acceptance of the inevitability of time passing and the end of existence. However, it is not a matter of a simple Nietzschean amor fati, of the ability to develop resilient mental and psychological structures in the face of adversity and pain of life or to embrace the stereotyped pedagogies of death or resilience. This means to conceive a new pedagogical paradigm that overcomes the concept of “negative” as something deniable and depressing and prospect a new education to life. This education is always receptive and not passive in the face of a negative, painful, or adverse event. In the tyche prospected by the event, this education is capable of finding the “eidos” of an ethical, aesthetic, and moral education understood as openness to life and the endless possibility of the fruition of its beauty in everyday life. The essay will conclude with the definition of the pedagogical principles of what can be called the “collateral education” that can be found in the “pedagogy of the event” and its hermeneutic and deconstructive methodology applicable in different educational contexts.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrrole Derivatives

The Pyrrole is one of the significant classes of heterocyclic mixes having pharmacological and natural exercises, for example, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic. The subbed pyrroles with chose functionalities at various position fill in as antecedents for the combination of different new functionalities. Pyrrole has additionally indicated wide organic exercises, for example, treatment of hyperlipidemias, mitigating, COX1/COX-2 inhibitors, 6 cytotoxic action against strong tumor model and assortment of marine and human models. A progression of new Schiff base (E)- N'- Substituted benzylidene-1H-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide subsidiary (3a-3j) were combined by the response of 1H-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide and fragrant aldehyde within the sight of ethanol with barely any drops of frosty acidic corrosive. The response blend was observed by TLC and recrystallized from wanted dissolvable. FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectral and natural investigation were affirmed the structure of the blended mixes. All orchestrated mixes were screened against traditional strains for their antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic tasks: gram positive is B.subtilis, and S.aureus and gram negative are E. coli. Antifungal movement was screened against C. Albicans and A. niger and anthelmintic movement was screened against M. konkanensis and P. corethruses. The outcomes uncovered that 3f, 3g and 3i display increasingly strong action against the both two microorganism (gram negative and gram positive bacteria) on the opposite side compound 3a, 3g and 3h show progressively intense movement against the two growths (C. Albicans and A. niger) and compound 3c and 3d having most powerful movement with mean paralyzing time of 11.27 mins and 15.83 mins and mean death time of 19.25 mins and 24.45 mins individually when contrasted with standard medication.

The effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the green leaf hopper (Nephotettix virescens)

Green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens) is one of the major pests on rice plants that can be a vector of tungro disease. Current pest control using insecticides by farmers is very worrying because in general it is not as recommended which can cause disturbances in the balance of the ecosystem, so it is necessary to use more environmentally friendly control alternatives, one of which is the use of entomopathogenic fungi that are targeted and do not cause the death of natural enemies. The potential of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents needs to be continuously developed to reduce the use of insecticides, one of which is the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae which is a type of entomopathogenic fungus that can kill insect pests. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of several concentration and application method of M. anisopliae on the mortality of the green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens). The study was conducted in the Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Tungro Disease Research Station starting from February - April 2020 using a two-factor factorial design in a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was the application method consisting of two treatments, namely the spray method (A1) and dip method (A2) while the second factor was the conidia density of Metarhizium anisopliae with 4 levels, namely 0 (C0) as control, conidia density 106 (C1) conidia density 107 (C2) conidia density 108(C3). Each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that the concentration of 106 by dipping application showed the fastest average death time of green leafhopper imago, which occured after 4 days of application, while the fastest average death time of green leafhopper nymph was 3.67 days after application at a concentration of 10 7 by dipping applications.

Extremal lifetimes of persistent cycles

Persistent homology captures the appearances and disappearances of topological features such as loops and cavities when growing disks centered at a Poisson point process. We study extreme values for the lifetimes of features dying in bounded components and with birth resp. death time bounded away from the threshold for continuum percolation and the coexistence region. First, we describe the scaling of the minimal lifetimes for general feature dimensions, and of the maximal lifetimes for cavities in the Čech filtration. Then, we proceed to a more refined analysis and establish Poisson approximation for large lifetimes of cavities and for small lifetimes of loops. Finally, we also study the scaling of minimal lifetimes in the Vietoris-Rips setting and point to a surprising difference to the Čech filtration.