Quantum readout of Physical Unclonable Functions

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250001 ◽  
Author(s):  
BORIS ŠKORIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Quantum State ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Trusted Computing ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Special Property ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are physical structures that are hard to clone and have a unique challenge-response behavior. The term PUF was coined by Pappu et al. in 2001. That work triggered a lot of interest, and since then a substantial number of papers has been written about the use of a wide variety of physical structures for different security purposes such as identification, authentication, read-proof key storage, key distribution, tamper evidence, anti-counterfeiting, software-to-hardware binding and trusted computing. In this paper we propose a new security primitive: the quantum-readout PUF (QR-PUF). This is a classical PUF, without internal quantum degrees of freedom, which is challenged using a quantum state, e.g. a single-photon state, and whose response is also a quantum state. By the no-cloning property of unknown quantum states, attackers cannot intercept challenges or responses without noticeably disturbing the readout process. Thus, a verifier who sends quantum states as challenges and receives the correct quantum states back can be certain that he is probing a specific QR-PUF without disturbances, even if the QR-PUF is far away "in the field" and under hostile control. For PUFs whose information content is not exceedingly large, all currently known PUF-based authentication and anti-counterfeiting schemes require trusted readout devices in the field. Our quantum readout scheme has no such requirement. Furthermore, we show how the QR-PUF authentication scheme can be interwoven with quantum key exchange (QKE), leading to an authenticated QKE protocol between two parties. This protocol has the special property that it requires no a priori secret shared by the two parties, and that the quantum channel is the authenticated channel, allowing for an unauthenticated classical channel. We provide security proofs for a limited class of attacks. The proofs depend on the physical unclonability of PUFs and on the practical infeasibility of building a quantum computer.

scholarly journals Locally undetermined states, generalized Schmidt decomposition, and application in distributed computing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (11&12) ◽  
pp. 997-1012
Author(s):  
Y. Feng ◽  
R. Duan ◽  
M. Ying
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Computing ◽  
Quantum State ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Consensus Problem ◽  
Schmidt Decomposition ◽  
Pure States ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Multipartite quantum states that cannot be uniquely determined by their reduced states of all proper subsets of the parties exhibit some inherit `high-order' correlation. This paper elaborates this issue by giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a pure multipartite state to be locally undetermined, and moreover, characterizing precisely all the pure states sharing the same set of reduced states with it. Interestingly, local determinability of pure states is closely related to a generalized notion of Schmidt decomposition. Furthermore, we find that locally undetermined states have some applications to the well-known consensus problem in distributed computing. To be specific, given some physically separated agents, when communication between them, either classical or quantum, is unreliable, then there exists a totally correct and completely fault-tolerant protocol for them to reach a consensus if and only if they share a priori a locally undetermined quantum state.

scholarly journals THE ATTRACTOR AND THE QUANTUM STATES

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS-THOMAS ELZE
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Parity Symmetry ◽  
Classical Phase Space ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Schrödinger Picture ◽  
Space Equation

The dissipative dynamics anticipated in the proof of 't Hooft's existence theorem — "For any quantum system there exists at least one deterministic model that reproduces all its dynamics after prequantization" — is constructed here explicitly. We propose a generalization of Liouville's classical phase space equation, incorporating dissipation and diffusion, and demonstrate that it describes the emergence of quantum states and their dynamics in the Schrödinger picture. Asymptotically, there is a stable ground state and two decoupled sets of degrees of freedom, which transform into each other under the energy-parity symmetry of Kaplan and Sundrum. They recover the familiar Hilbert space and its dual. Expectations of observables are shown to agree with the Born rule, which is not imposed a priori. This attractor mechanism is applicable in the presence of interactions, to few-body or field theories in particular.

scholarly journals Efficient High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution with Hybrid Encoding

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonggi Jo ◽  
Hee Park ◽  
Seung-Woo Lee ◽  
Wonmin Son
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Quantum Key Distribution ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Optical Elements

We propose a schematic setup of quantum key distribution (QKD) with an improved secret key rate based on high-dimensional quantum states. Two degrees-of-freedom of a single photon, orbital angular momentum modes, and multi-path modes, are used to encode secret key information. Its practical implementation consists of optical elements that are within the reach of current technologies such as a multiport interferometer. We show that the proposed feasible protocol has improved the secret key rate with much sophistication compared to the previous 2-dimensional protocol known as the detector-device-independent QKD.

QUANTUM NANOTECHNOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (04n05) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
VASILY E. TARASOV
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum State ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Atomic Structures ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
Unknown Quantum State

Nanotechnology is based on manipulations of individual atoms and molecules to build complex atomic structures. Quantum nanotechnology is a broad concept that deals with a manipulation of individual quantum states of atoms and molecules. Quantum nanotechnology differs from nanotechnology as a quantum computer differs from a classical molecular computer. The nanotechnology deals with a manipulation of quantum states in bulk rather than individually. In this paper, we define the main notions of quantum nanotechnology. Quantum analogs of assemblers, replicators and self-reproducing machines are discussed. We prove the possibility of realizing these analogs. A self-cloning (self-reproducing) quantum machine is a quantum machine which can make a copy of itself. The impossibility of ideally cloning an unknown quantum state is one of the basic rules of quantum theory. We prove that quantum machines cannot be self-cloning if they are Hamiltonian. There exist quantum non-Hamiltonian machines that are self-cloning machines. Quantum nanotechnology allows us to build quantum nanomachines. These nanomachines are not only small machines of nanosize. Quantum nanomachines should use new (quantum) principles of work.

The Influence of Loading Position in A Priori High Stress Detection using Mode Superposition

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Carsten Strzalka ◽  
◽  
Manfred Zehn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
A Priori ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Variable Loading ◽  
Numerical Effort ◽  
Von Mises

For the analysis of structural components, the finite element method (FEM) has become the most widely applied tool for numerical stress- and subsequent durability analyses. In industrial application advanced FE-models result in high numbers of degrees of freedom, making dynamic analyses time-consuming and expensive. As detailed finite element models are necessary for accurate stress results, the resulting data and connected numerical effort from dynamic stress analysis can be high. For the reduction of that effort, sophisticated methods have been developed to limit numerical calculations and processing of data to only small fractions of the global model. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the position of a component’s highly stressed areas is of great advantage for any present or subsequent analysis steps. In this paper an efficient method for the a priori detection of highly stressed areas of force-excited components is presented, based on modal stress superposition. As the component’s dynamic response and corresponding stress is always a function of its excitation, special attention is paid to the influence of the loading position. Based on the frequency domain solution of the modally decoupled equations of motion, a coefficient for a priori weighted superposition of modal von Mises stress fields is developed and validated on a simply supported cantilever beam structure with variable loading positions. The proposed approach is then applied to a simplified industrial model of a twist beam rear axle.

scholarly journals Scattering in Terms of Bohmian Conditional Wave Functions for Scenarios with Non-Commuting Energy and Momentum Operators

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Matteo Villani ◽  
Guillermo Albareda ◽  
Carlos Destefani ◽  
Xavier Cartoixà ◽  
Xavier Oriols
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Open Quantum Systems ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Light Matter Interaction ◽  
Pure States ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Full Quantum

Without access to the full quantum state, modeling quantum transport in mesoscopic systems requires dealing with a limited number of degrees of freedom. In this work, we analyze the possibility of modeling the perturbation induced by non-simulated degrees of freedom on the simulated ones as a transition between single-particle pure states. First, we show that Bohmian conditional wave functions (BCWFs) allow for a rigorous discussion of the dynamics of electrons inside open quantum systems in terms of single-particle time-dependent pure states, either under Markovian or non-Markovian conditions. Second, we discuss the practical application of the method for modeling light–matter interaction phenomena in a resonant tunneling device, where a single photon interacts with a single electron. Third, we emphasize the importance of interpreting such a scattering mechanism as a transition between initial and final single-particle BCWF with well-defined central energies (rather than with well-defined central momenta).

scholarly journals Multiparticle quantum plasmonics

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1243-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong You ◽  
Apurv Chaitanya Nellikka ◽  
Israel De Leon ◽  
Omar S. Magaña-Loaiza
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dynamics ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Statistical Fluctuations ◽  
Quantum Plasmonics ◽  
Control Of Quantum Systems ◽  
Multiparticle Systems ◽  
Quantum Photonics

AbstractA single photon can be coupled to collective charge oscillations at the interfaces between metals and dielectrics forming a single surface plasmon. The electromagnetic near-fields induced by single surface plasmons offer new degrees of freedom to perform an exquisite control of complex quantum dynamics. Remarkably, the control of quantum systems represents one of the most significant challenges in the field of quantum photonics. Recently, there has been an enormous interest in using plasmonic systems to control multiphoton dynamics in complex photonic circuits. In this review, we discuss recent advances that unveil novel routes to control multiparticle quantum systems composed of multiple photons and plasmons. We describe important properties that characterize optical multiparticle systems such as their statistical quantum fluctuations and correlations. In this regard, we discuss the role that photon-plasmon interactions play in the manipulation of these fundamental properties for multiparticle systems. We also review recent works that show novel platforms to manipulate many-body light-matter interactions. In this spirit, the foundations that will allow nonexperts to understand new perspectives in multiparticle quantum plasmonics are described. First, we discuss the quantum statistical fluctuations of the electromagnetic field as well as the fundamentals of plasmonics and its quantum properties. This discussion is followed by a brief treatment of the dynamics that characterize complex multiparticle interactions. We apply these ideas to describe quantum interactions in photonic-plasmonic multiparticle quantum systems. We summarize the state-of-the-art in quantum devices that rely on plasmonic interactions. The review is concluded with our perspective on the future applications and challenges in this burgeoning field.

scholarly journals A Traveler’s Guide to the Multiverse: Promises, Pitfalls, and a Framework for the Evaluation of Analytic Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 251524592095492
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice ◽  
Steven W. Gangestad
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Style Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Equivalence Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biased Estimates

Decisions made by researchers while analyzing data (e.g., how to measure variables, how to handle outliers) are sometimes arbitrary, without an objective justification for choosing one alternative over another. Multiverse-style methods (e.g., specification curve, vibration of effects) estimate an effect across an entire set of possible specifications to expose the impact of hidden degrees of freedom and/or obtain robust, less biased estimates of the effect of interest. However, if specifications are not truly arbitrary, multiverse-style analyses can produce misleading results, potentially hiding meaningful effects within a mass of poorly justified alternatives. So far, a key question has received scant attention: How does one decide whether alternatives are arbitrary? We offer a framework and conceptual tools for doing so. We discuss three kinds of a priori nonequivalence among alternatives—measurement nonequivalence, effect nonequivalence, and power/precision nonequivalence. The criteria we review lead to three decision scenarios: Type E decisions (principled equivalence), Type N decisions (principled nonequivalence), and Type U decisions (uncertainty). In uncertain scenarios, multiverse-style analysis should be conducted in a deliberately exploratory fashion. The framework is discussed with reference to published examples and illustrated with the help of a simulated data set. Our framework will help researchers reap the benefits of multiverse-style methods while avoiding their pitfalls.

scholarly journals Gaussian quantum states can be disentangled using symplectic rotations

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice A. de Gosson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum State ◽  
Covariance Matrices ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Weyl Quantization ◽  
Symplectic Transformation ◽  
Metaplectic Operator

AbstractWe show that every Gaussian mixed quantum state can be disentangled by conjugation with a passive symplectic transformation, that is a metaplectic operator associated with a symplectic rotation. The main tools we use are the Werner–Wolf condition on covariance matrices and the symplectic covariance of Weyl quantization. Our result therefore complements a recent study by Lami, Serafini, and Adesso.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document