NIKOLAI ALEKSANDROVICH BERNSTEIN — PIONEER IN CONTROL AND CYBERNETICS

2010 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIOMIR VUKOBRATOVIĆ ◽  
MILOŠ JOVANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Ocular Accommodation ◽  
Pupillary Reaction ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological Theory

The article presents the facts about the pioneering research results of Professor Nikolai Bernstein in the area of man's voluntary movements. Relevant data are given concerning the priority of introducing the notion of feedback in the process of active voluntary human movements, twelve years before the known Wiener's publication. Bernstein demonstrated how the problems of general physiology can be explored in terms of the structural analysis of movements. He dealt with the most important aspects of the vital activity of higher organisms, and how this has been accorded the place in physiology and, when it developed, promised to be of the greatest value in cybernetics and in the exact mathematical formulation of a physiological theory of motor behavior. In his research, Bernstein modeled the function of the central nervous system and offered the cyberneticists a system for the development of analogs for experimental model-making that was not only incomparably richer than examples of internal stabilizing processes (blood-pressure, temperature and sugar-level regulating systems, for example), and also more complex than the systems of dynamic regulation that have already been studied in some depth, such as the mechanisms of ocular accommodation, or of the pupillary reaction.

scholarly journals Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback Rehabilitation Associated to Action Observation Therapy in Buccofacial Apraxia: Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117954762199457
Author(s):  
Daniele Emedoli ◽  
Maddalena Arosio ◽  
Andrea Tettamanti ◽  
Sandro Iannaccone
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Augmented Feedback ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Upper Face ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Buccofacial Apraxia

Background: Buccofacial Apraxia is defined as the inability to perform voluntary movements of the larynx, pharynx, mandible, tongue, lips and cheeks, while automatic or reflexive control of these structures is preserved. Buccofacial Apraxia frequently co-occurs with aphasia and apraxia of speech and it has been reported as almost exclusively resulting from a lesion of the left hemisphere. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of treating apraxia using motor training principles such as Augmented Feedback or Action Observation Therapy. In light of this, the study describes the treatment based on immersive Action Observation Therapy and Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback in a case of Buccofacial Apraxia. Participant and Methods: The participant is a right-handed 58-years-old male. He underwent a neurosurgery intervention of craniotomy and exeresis of infra axial expansive lesion in the frontoparietal convexity compatible with an atypical meningioma. Buccofacial Apraxia was diagnosed by a neurologist and evaluated by the Upper and Lower Face Apraxia Test. Buccofacial Apraxia was quantified also by a specific camera, with an appropriately developed software, able to detect the range of motion of automatic face movements and the range of the same movements on voluntary requests. In order to improve voluntary movements, the participant completed fifteen 1-hour rehabilitation sessions, composed of a 20-minutes immersive Action Observation Therapy followed by a 40-minutes Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback sessions, 5 days a week, for 3 consecutive weeks. Results: After treatment, participant achieved great improvements in quality and range of facial movements, performing most of the facial expressions (eg, kiss, smile, lateral angle of mouth displacement) without unsolicited movement. Furthermore, the Upper and Lower Face Apraxia Test showed an improvement of 118% for the Upper Face movements and of 200% for the Lower Face movements. Conclusion: Performing voluntary movement in a Virtual Reality environment with Augmented Feedbacks, in addition to Action Observation Therapy, improved performances of facial gestures and consolidate the activations by the central nervous system based on principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity.

scholarly journals Vanishing White Matter Disease Expression of Truncated EIF2B5 Activates Induced Stress Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Keefe ◽  
Haille E. Soderholm ◽  
Hung-Yu Shih ◽  
Tamara J. Stevenson ◽  
Kathryn A. Glaittli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
White Matter Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Precursor ◽  
Vanishing White Matter Disease ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Vanishing White Matter

AbstractVanishing White Matter disease (VWM) is a severe leukodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B). Current models only partially recapitulate key disease features, and pathophysiology is poorly understood. Through development and validation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of VWM, we demonstrate that zebrafish eif2b mutants phenocopy VWM, including impaired somatic growth, early lethality, impaired myelination, loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, increased apoptosis in the CNS, and impaired motor swimming behavior. Expression of human EIF2B2 in the zebrafish eif2b2 mutant rescues lethality and CNS apoptosis, demonstrating conservation of function between zebrafish and human. In the mutants, intron 12 retention leads to expression of a truncated eif2b5 transcript. Expression of the truncated eif2b5 in wild-type larva impairs motor behavior and activates the ISR, suggesting that a feed-forward mechanism in VWM is a significant component of disease pathophysiology.

CNS myeloid cell heterogeneity at the single-cell level

Neuroforum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Chotima Böttcher ◽  
Roman Sankowski ◽  
Josef Priller ◽  
Marco Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cell Heterogeneity ◽  
Mass Cytometry ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Profiling ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The cellular composition of the central nervous system (CNS) is highly complex and dynamic. Regulation of this complexity is increasingly recognized to be spatially and temporally dependent during development, homeostasis and disease. Context-dependent cellular heterogeneity was shown for neuroectodermal cells as well as the myeloid compartment of the CNS. The brain myeloid compartment comprises microglia and other CNS-associated macrophages. These are brain-resident cells with critical roles in brain development, maintenance, and immune responses during states of disease. Profiling of CNS myeloid cell heterogeneity has been greatly facilitated in the past years by development of high-throughput technologies for single-cell analysis. This review summarizes current insights into heterogeneity of the CNS myeloid cell population determined by single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry. The results offer invaluable insights into CNS biology and will facilitate the development of therapies for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies.

Control Mechanisms in Oscillatory Motor Behavior

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Piovesan ◽  
Felix C. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Rhythmic Movement ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Inertial Loading

Studies on unimpaired humans have demonstrated that the central nervous system employs internal representations of limb dynamics and intended movement trajectories for planning muscle activation during pointing and reaching tasks. However, when performing rhythmic movements, it has been hypothesized that a control scheme employing an autonomous oscillator — a simple feedback circuit lacking exogenous input — can maintain stable control. Here we investigate whether such simple control architectures that can realize rhythmic movement that we observe in experimental data. We asked subjects to perform rhythmic movements of the forearm while a robotic interface simulated inertial loading. Our protocol included unexpected increases in loading (catch trials) as a probe to reveal any systematic changes in frequency and amplitude. Our primary findings were that increased inertial loading resulted in reduced frequency of oscillations, and in some cases multiple frequencies. These results exhibit some agreement with an autonomous oscillator model, though other features are more consistent with feedforward planning of force. This investigation provides a theoretical and experimental framework to reveal basic computational elements for how the human motor system achieves skilled rhythmic movement.

scholarly journals Heterotrimeric G Proteins of the Gq/11 Family Are Crucial for the Induction of Maternal Behavior in Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 8048-8054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Wettschureck ◽  
Alexandra Moers ◽  
Tuula Hamalainen ◽  
Thomas Lemberger ◽  
Günther Schütz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Proteins ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Proteins ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gland Function

ABSTRACT Heterotrimeric G proteins of the Gq/11 family transduce signals from a variety of neurotransmitter receptors and have therefore been implicated in several functions of the central nervous system. To investigate the potential role of Gq/11 signaling in behavior, we generated mice which lack the α-subunits of the two main members of the Gq/11 family, Gαq and Gα11, selectively in the forebrain. We show here that forebrain Gαq/11-deficient females do not display any maternal behavior such as nest building, pup retrieving, crouching, or nursing. However, olfaction, motor behavior and mammary gland function are normal in forebrain Gαq/11-deficient females. We used c-fos immunohistochemistry to investigate pup-induced neuronal activation in different forebrain regions and found a significant reduction in the medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and the lateral septum both in postpartum females and in virgin females after foster pup exposure. Pituitary function, especially prolactin release, was normal in forebrain Gαq/11-deficient females, and activation of oxytocin receptor-positive neurons in the hypothalamus did not differ between genotypes. Our findings show that Gq/11 signaling is indispensable to the neuronal circuit that connects the perception of pup-related stimuli to the initiation of maternal behavior and that this defect cannot be attributed to either reduced systemic prolactin levels or impaired activation of oxytocin receptor-positive neurons of the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Vanishing white matter disease expression of truncated EIF2B5 activates induced stress response

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Keefe ◽  
Haille E Soderholm ◽  
Hung-Yu Shih ◽  
Tamara J Stevenson ◽  
Kathryn A Glaittli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
White Matter Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Precursor ◽  
Vanishing White Matter Disease ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Vanishing White Matter

Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is a severe leukodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B). Current models only partially recapitulate key disease features, and pathophysiology is poorly understood. Through development and validation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of VWM, we demonstrate that zebrafish eif2b mutants phenocopy VWM, including impaired somatic growth, early lethality, effects on myelination, loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, increased apoptosis in the CNS, and impaired motor swimming behavior. Expression of human EIF2B2 in the zebrafish eif2b2 mutant rescues lethality and CNS apoptosis, demonstrating conservation of function between zebrafish and human. In the mutants, intron 12 retention leads to expression of a truncated eif2b5 transcript. Expression of the truncated eif2b5 in wild-type larva impairs motor behavior and activates the ISR, suggesting that a feed-forward mechanism in VWM is a significant component of disease pathophysiology.

scholarly journals A Hard Scientific Quest: Understanding Voluntary Movements

Daedalus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Bizzi ◽  
Robert Ajemian
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pattern Formations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Scientific Quest ◽  
The Brain

In this article we explore the complexities of what goes on in the brain when one wishes to perform even the simplest everyday movements. In doing so, we describe experiments indicating that the spinal cord interneurons are organized in functional modules and that each module activates a distinct set of muscles. Through these modules the central nervous system has found a simple solution to controlling the large number of muscle fibers active even during the execution of the simplest action. We also explore the many different neural signals that contribute to pattern formations, including afferent information from the limbs and information of motor memories.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of bioelectric activity of the brain of ambulance station personnel before and after daily duty

2021 ◽  
pp. 392-396
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Smolyakov ◽  
V. V. Ramensky ◽  
N. A. Nolfin ◽  
L. I. Anokhova ◽  
E. V. Fedorenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Operational Activities

Introduction. The adaptive overload of the central nervous system, caused by occupational stress, leads to the disruption of complex operational activities in the ambulance station workers and an increasing number of errors in medical decision-making towards the end of the work shift.Aim. To assess the level and prevalence of changes in the work of the central nervous system (CNS) under the influence of occupational stress.Materials and methods. The study involved 35 workers (medical and nursing staff) of ambulance station (19 men and 16 women aged 20  to 55  years). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at rest for  3  minutes, according to international scheme 10-20  in  six leads: F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4. The  following rhythmic activity indicators were used: THETA  rhythm (4–8  Hz), ALPHA rhythm (8–12 Hz), BETA rhythm (BETA, 12–25 Hz) and their ratios.Results and discussion. When analyzing the overall activity, there is a decrease in all the studied parameters. At the same time, THETA, BETA and the total power of all ranges showed significant dynamics. In spatial analysis, the most noticeable decrease in activity in the frontal lobes (F3, F4) is responsible for motor behavior (premotor area of the cortex), executive functions (behavior control, inductive reasoning, planning), short-term and spatial memory, attention (spatial and motor). The decrease in activity in the temporal (T3, T4) and parietal (P3, P4) departments is observed only in some indicators.Conclusions. Professional workload during the 24 hour shift has a predominant effect on the activity of the frontal lobes, reducing the ability to control and plan complex (precise) motor functions, visual-spatial attention and planning abilities. These mechanisms are key to the professional work of the personnel of the emergency medical service and determine the number of errors. 

scholarly journals Insight into the Role of the STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) in A2A Receptor-Mediated Effects in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosaria Domenici ◽  
Cinzia Mallozzi ◽  
Rita Pepponi ◽  
Ida Casella ◽  
Valentina Chiodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Rat Striatum ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase STEP is a brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase that plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms of learning and memory, and it has been demonstrated to be involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Recently, we found a functional interaction between STEP and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a subtype of the adenosine receptor family widely expressed in the central nervous system, where it regulates motor behavior and cognition, and plays a role in cell survival and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we demonstrated the involvement of STEP in A2AR-mediated cocaine effects in the striatum and, more recently, we found that in the rat striatum and hippocampus, as well as in a neuroblastoma cell line, the overexpression of the A2AR, or its stimulation, results in an increase in STEP activity. In the present article we will discuss the functional implication of this interaction, trying to examine the possible mechanisms involved in this relation between STEP and A2ARs.

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