scholarly journals Development of Data Acquisition Methods for an FPGA-Based Photon Counting Detector

2017 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750002 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ambily ◽  
Mayuresh Sarpotdar ◽  
Joice Mathew ◽  
A. G. Sreejith ◽  
K. Nirmal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Processing System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Photon Counting Detector ◽  
Cmos Sensor ◽  
Photon Event

MCP-based detectors are widely used in the ultraviolet (UV) region due to their low noise levels, high sensitivity and good spatial and temporal resolution. We have developed a compact near-UV (NUV) detector for high-altitude balloon and space flights, using off-the-shelf MCP, CMOS sensor, and optics. The detector is designed to be capable of working in the direct frame transfer mode as well in the photon counting mode for single photon event detection. The identification and centroiding of each photon event are done using an FPGA-based data acquisition and real-time processing system. In this paper, we discuss various algorithms and methods used in both operating modes, as well as their implementation on the hardware.

scholarly journals Noise and Breakdown Characterization of SPAD Detectors with Time-Gated Photon-Counting Operation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5287
Author(s):  
Hiwa Mahmoudi ◽  
Michael Hofbauer ◽  
Bernhard Goll ◽  
Horst Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Noise Models

Being ready-to-detect over a certain portion of time makes the time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) an attractive candidate for low-noise photon-counting applications. A careful SPAD noise and performance characterization, however, is critical to avoid time-consuming experimental optimization and redesign iterations for such applications. Here, we present an extensive empirical study of the breakdown voltage, as well as the dark-count and afterpulsing noise mechanisms for a fully integrated time-gated SPAD detector in 0.35-μm CMOS based on experimental data acquired in a dark condition. An “effective” SPAD breakdown voltage is introduced to enable efficient characterization and modeling of the dark-count and afterpulsing probabilities with respect to the excess bias voltage and the gating duration time. The presented breakdown and noise models will allow for accurate modeling and optimization of SPAD-based detector designs, where the SPAD noise can impose severe trade-offs with speed and sensitivity as is shown via an example.

scholarly journals Edge-subtraction X-ray ptychographic imaging with pink beam synchrotron radiation and a single photon-counting detector

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Brun ◽  
Vittorio Di Trapani ◽  
Darren Batey ◽  
Silvia Cipiccia ◽  
Christoph Rau
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Counting Detector

scholarly journals Atomic, strain and domain dynamics in ferroelectrics under cyclic electric field

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C42-C42
Author(s):  
Semën Gorfman ◽  
Hyeokmin Choe ◽  
Michael Ziolkowski ◽  
Stefan Heidbrink ◽  
Marco Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Counting Detector ◽  
Domain Dynamics

Structural dynamics is a subject of a recent interest in solid state physics and a challenge for modern X-ray crystallography. Time-dependent response of solids to an external perturbation on atomic, mesoscopic and macroscopic length scales is the key to understanding many physical properties. We present the data-acquisition system (Gorfman et al., 2013) (DAQ) for X-ray diffraction study of repetitive micro- or millisecond dynamics in a broad range of materials (Gorfman, 2014) under cyclic perturbation. The DAQ operates on the principle of a multichannel analyser: it collects pulses from a single-photon-counting detector and resorts them between 10000 channels. Each channel corresponds to a certain time delay relative to the beginning of a latest perturbation cycle. The width of a channel (temporal resolution of the experiment) can be as small as 10 ns. We investigated atomic, strain and domain dynamics in SrxBa1-xNb2O6 single crystals: SBN50 (x=0.5, uniaxial ferroelectric) and SBN61(x=0.61, uniaxial relaxor ferroelectric). The experiments questioned the reason for large piezoelectric effect in uniaxial ferroelectrics where 1800(inversion) domains are present, while non-1800domains are absent. We applied triangular electric field (Figure 1) of variable frequencies and variable strengths. The time and electric field dependence of a set of Bragg rocking curves were followed: intensities, positions and peak widths were analysed giving access to atomic, strain and domain dynamics under external electric field. Figure 1. Left: contour plot of a -5 9 7 Bragg rocking curves from SBN50 single crystal collected under dynamically applied sub-coercive electric field. Right: dynamics of the peak position as a function of applied electric field, showing non-linear and hysteretic behaviour.

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