Contribution of Deforestation to Severe Flooding in Southeast Parts of the Caspian Sea: A Case Study with NDVI Analysis

2020 â—½  
Vol 07 (01n02) â—½  
pp. 2050008 â—½  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Fazel-Rastgar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas â—½  
Caspian Sea â—½  
Vegetation Index â—½  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Discharge Rate â—½  
Past Century â—½  
The Caspian Sea â—½  
The Past â—½  
Color Composite â—½  
Severe Flooding

Iran has been faced with increase in flooding cases during the past 60 years. The human activities have been considered as a devastating factor in the environmental change causing the occurrence of severe flooding cases during past decades. On August 11, 2001, a relatively severe rainfall in the south east of Caspian Sea led to the occurrence of a severe deadly flooding in Golestan province and some parts in northern Khorasan province have been unprecedented in Iran over the past century. The destructive extent of flooding in the urban and rural areas reached about 5,000 km2. Here, the synoptic surface and upper levels of the weather charts have been analyzed along with the monitoring of half hourly METEOSAT7 images to show the convective clouds development over the area of the study. The total precipitation in this area during the flooding period was reported between 2.5 and 153 mm with the maximum estimation over the center of the storm around less than 250[Formula: see text]mm. Using satellite imagery in 1979 and 2000, vegetation changes and environmental changes have been investigated and shown extensive decline in vegetation. The image processing and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculation of the color composite 433 of LANDSAT5 and the color composite 211 of TERRA (MODIS sensor) images between 1998 and 2001 have been revealed significant deforestation around 248,131,534.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] over the study, particularly over the rivers’ neighborhood. Also, by assumption of the same precipitation for 1998 and 2001, the discharge rate in flood case of 2001 has been intensified 1.3 times (at 13 percent) larger than that of 1998. This shows the direct impact of the deforestation and land use changes over the study area during 1998–2001.

scholarly journals Underwater monuments of Absheron and the role of Khazar (Kaspia) in determining age Baku

2021 â—½  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
K. F. Ibrgaimov
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea â—½  
The Caspian Sea â—½  
Dry Land â—½  
Water Basin â—½  
The Past â—½  
History Of

The alternation of transgressions and regressions of the Caspian Sea led to the fact that these tracks were alternately found on the seabed, then on land. And, of course, these traces of the past must be looked for at those depths that at times became dry land. The identification of these monuments provides valuable material on the history of the peoples who inhabited this water basin, reflecting the life of the sea for many millennia and centuries, and sunken ships and their rigging allow shedding light on the issues of ancient navigation in the Caspian.

Environmental changes in Lake Taihu during the past century as recorded in sediment cores

Hydrobiologia â—½  
2007 â—½  
Vol 581 (1) â—½  
pp. 117-123 â—½  
Author(s):  
Bin Xue â—½  
Shuchun Yao â—½  
Weilan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Lake Taihu â—½  
Sediment Cores â—½  
Past Century â—½  
The Past

scholarly journals Azerbaijan – Kazakhstan relations: current situation and prospects

2017 â—½  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
Rusif Huseynow
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia â—½  
Ethnic Groups â—½  
International Organizations â—½  
Caspian Sea â—½  
Legal Status â—½  
Altai Mountains â—½  
The Caspian Sea â—½  
The Past â—½  
Mutual Relations â—½  
East West

Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan should not be seen as two states which are close because of their Soviet past. In fact, the titular ethnic groups of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan – Azerbaijanis and Kazakhs – come from a greater Turkic family. Azerbaijani-Kazakh brotherhood takes its roots from the very origins of the Turkic peoples that spread from the Altai Mountains and has been cemented by the Islamic factor. Maintaining maritime borders through the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan are important nations for one another. Azerbaijan is seen as a bridge for Kazakhstan to access Turkey and Europe, while Kazakhstan offers Azerbaijan routes to Central Asia and China. The two countries attach great importance to their mutual relations, both bilateral and within various international organizations. These relations have only increased and not experienced any downturns or problems in the past 25 years. Kazakhstan recognized the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, which is an important deal for Azerbaijan in its current conflict with neighboring Armenia. The countries even reached an agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea quite rapidly, while similar accords are still absent with other littoral countries. They are both interested in developing an East-West transport and energy corridor, enjoying a favorable geopolitical location that could serve as a bridge between the continents.

scholarly journals Continuing Environmental Change - An Example from Nova Scotia

2004 â—½  
Vol 118 (1) â—½  
pp. 39 â—½  
Author(s):  
Edmund S. Telfer
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia â—½  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Human Impacts â—½  
Castor Canadensis â—½  
Dermacentor Variabilis â—½  
Fagus Grandifolia â—½  
Past Century â—½  
Lynx Lynx â—½  
The Past â—½  
Severe Reduction

Information from personal experience, from community elders and published literature served as a basis for evaluating environmental changes in the District of North Queens and adjacent areas of Southwestern Nova Scotia over the past century. Major events included disappearance of the Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), the arrival of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the severe reduction of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis), disappearance of Lynx (Lynx canadensis), a major dieoff of Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis), decline of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), the loss of mature birch (Betula spp.), the severe reduction of Moose (Alces alces), the arrival of the American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and Coyotes (Canis latrans), and the restoration of Beaver (Castor canadensis). The proximate cause of many of those changes were plant and animal disease, while the ultimate causes were naturally occurring animal range expansion and human impacts. The warming of the climate over the past 150 years probably played a role. The nature and timing of the events could not have been predicted.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT STATE OF THE KEFAL FAMILY (MUGILIDAE) IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE DAGHESTAN COAST OF THE CASPIAN SEA

2020 â—½  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Evgeny Nikolaevich LOBACHEV â—½  
Nukhkadi Ibragimovich RABAZANOV â—½  
Ruslan Magomedovich BARKHALOV â—½  
Umshanat Dzhamaldinovna ZURKHAEVA â—½  
Diana Pavlovna KLUSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone â—½  
Marine Fish â—½  
Caspian Sea â—½  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Anthropogenic Factors â—½  
Main Role â—½  
The Caspian Sea â—½  
Freshwater Bodies â—½  
Fish Catch â—½  
Quantitative Changes

For more than a century of active commercial exploitation and environmental changes in the Caspian Sea, the structure of the population of marine fish species has undergone significant qualitative and quantitative changes. In this group of fish until 1960, the main role in the fishery was played by sea herring, which provided up to 50–70% of the total fish catch in the region. Interest in the study of marine fish of the Caspian Sea, using the example of mullets, Black Sea acclimatizers, is due to the fact that under new conditions, as well as a result of deep negative changes in the ecology of this reservoir under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, especially recently. At present, among marine fish, one of the main and promising fishing objects is mullet, which, since the period of acclimatization, has formed a high abundance in the coastal zone of the Daghestan coast of the Caspian Sea. Mullet are euryhaline fish that can live both in sea, salty water, and freshwater bodies. In this regard, the objects of this study were mullet (singil), the study of their commercial catches and stocks in the Caspian Sea.

scholarly journals Recent environmental changes in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau inferred from organic geochemical records from the sediments of Fuxian Lake

Elem Sci Anth â—½  
2021 â—½  
Vol 9 (1) â—½  
Author(s):  
Haibo He â—½  
Zaihua Liu â—½  
Dongli Li â—½  
Hongbo Zheng â—½  
Jianxin Zhao â—½  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Anthropogenic Impacts â—½  
Anthropogenic Activities â—½  
Sediment Cores â—½  
High Amplitude â—½  
Average Chain Length â—½  
Past Century â—½  
The Past â—½  
The 1950S â—½  
Guizhou Plateau

During the past century, many lacustrine environments have changed substantially at the ecosystem level as a result of anthropogenic activities. In this study, the distributions of n-alkane homologues, carbon isotopes (δ13Corg), organic carbon, and the C/N atomic ratio in two sediment cores from Fuxian Lake (Yunnan, southwest China) are used to elucidate the anthropogenic impacts on this deep, oligotrophic, freshwater lake. The carbon preference index (CPI) of long-chain components, average chain length (ACL), proportion of aquatic macrophytes (Paq), and terrigenous/aquatic ratios (TAR) show different temporal patterns that reflect variations in biological production. Notably, the n-alkane homologues are shown to be more sensitive to environmental changes than δ13Corg and the C/N ratio. Prior to the 1950s, minor variations in the sedimentary geochemical record were likely caused by climate changes, and they represent a natural stage of lake evolution. The onset of cultural eutrophication in Fuxian Lake occurred in the 1950s, when the n-alkane proxies collectively exhibited high-amplitude fluctuations but overall decreasing trends that coincided with population growth and related increases in land-use pressure. In the 21st century, Fuxian Lake has become even more eutrophic in response to human activities, as indicated by sharp increases in C/N ratio, Paq, δ13Corg, ACL, CPI, and TAR. Our findings provide robust molecular sedimentary evidence confirming that the environmental evolution of lakes in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau over the past century was closely associated with enhanced anthropogenic activities.

scholarly journals Faunal isotope records reveal trophic and nutrient dynamics in twentieth century Yellowstone grasslands

Biology Letters â—½  
2012 â—½  
Vol 8 (5) â—½  
pp. 838-841 â—½  
Author(s):  
Kena Fox-Dobbs â—½  
Abigail A. Nelson â—½  
Paul L. Koch â—½  
Jennifer A. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Dynamics â—½  
Environmental Changes â—½  
Bone Collagen â—½  
Past Century â—½  
Significant Shift â—½  
Gray Wolves â—½  
The Past â—½  
Grassland Ecosystems â—½  
Population Sizes â—½  
Insight Into

Population sizes and movement patterns of ungulate grazers and their predators have fluctuated dramatically over the past few centuries, largely owing to overharvesting, land-use change and historic management. We used δ 13 C and δ 15 N values measured from bone collagen of historic and recent gray wolves and their potential primary prey from Yellowstone National Park to gain insight into the trophic dynamics and nutrient conditions of historic and modern grasslands. The diet of reintroduced wolves closely parallels that of the historic population. We suggest that a significant shift in faunal δ 15 N values over the past century reflects impacts of anthropogenic environmental changes on grassland ecosystems, including grazer-mediated shifts in grassland nitrogen cycle processes.

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