Julius Hecker: The Life of a Thinker and Teacher, Cut Short During the "Stalinist Purge"

This article is devoted to the life and work of the ethnic German philosopher Julius Hecker, the scholar and public figure who contributed to Soviet Russia by attracting the humanitarian aid and helping to reform the educational system. Eventually, he was murdered by the Stalinist regime as «the imperialists’ spy and people’s enemy» and most of his family members were also unjustly repressed. Professor J. Hecker was rehabilitated on April 18, 1957, posthumously. He was a grandfather of an outstanding Russian archaeologist and Kyrgyz study scholar, Professor Yuli Sergeevich Khudiakov, who was named as «Yuliy» after him.

Archaeological monuments of Zangazur (Lachin district)

The settlement of people in Lachin district that located in the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus dates back to ancient times. The settlements of the district were built mainly in accordance with tribal relations. The construction of villages in the area was mainly divided into mountainous, foothill, hill-side and plain types according to the relief of the region. On the whole, since Lachin district is located in a mountainous area, the construction of villages here was also different: mainly, the houses in the district were built far apart, mostly scattered; villages with hut dwellings and those with dwellings built compact, closer to each other.The newly built bines (nomad camps or isolated farmsteads) were named after those who built them first. Although the main occupation of the district population was animal husbandry, they were also engaged in gardening, forestry and beekeeping. Archaeological and ethnographic investigations conducted in the district, clarified that the population were engaged in many handicraft areas (pottery, stone carving, metal working, etc.). At the same time, the settlements, grave monuments, churches and tombs and bridges of the district were comprehensively studied. The district located in a mountainous area, covers one town, one settlement and 125 villages.

Underwater monuments of Absheron and the role of Khazar (Kaspia) in determining age Baku

The alternation of transgressions and regressions of the Caspian Sea led to the fact that these tracks were alternately found on the seabed, then on land. And, of course, these traces of the past must be looked for at those depths that at times became dry land. The identification of these monuments provides valuable material on the history of the peoples who inhabited this water basin, reflecting the life of the sea for many millennia and centuries, and sunken ships and their rigging allow shedding light on the issues of ancient navigation in the Caspian.

Turkish textiles which have been described in paintings of artist Şevket Dağ

The perception of painting that started with the Turks, the Gokturks and the Uighurs was expressed mostly in miniature after Islam. There was a false perception that Islam imposed a ban on painting. Therefore, not much painting art was seen in the Ottomans until recently. There are mostly miniature paintings in the Ottomans. The art of painting has developed in the last periods of the Ottoman Empire. One of the most important representatives of that period was Şevket Dağ. She is one of the first graduates of Şevket Dağ Sanayi-i Nefise School. There are no foreign influences in Şevket Dağ's paintings. There are painting techniques in purely national characters. In the article there are five paintings depicting Turkish carpets. Five paintings in which the furniture and architectural features of the period are depicted together with the carpets will be emphasized.

"Among the troops he chose brave warriors, who were battling through ranks...". On Some Peculiar Aspects of Amir Timur's Tactical Art

This article revises the peculiarities of Amir Timur's army tactical peculiarities, as well as their influence on the development of martial art of the Muslim East. It is established that Timur effectively used the mobilization potential of his state. The sedentary population of Chorasa and Transoxiana formed the infantry archery units who were taught to fight under cover of large standing shields - chapars. At the same time, loyal nomad tribes were the source of horse cavalry for the Timur's army. The base of battle formation was represented by a tactical "skeleton" formed of forced kanbuls, powerful advance guard and a reserve (that included elite warriors). Such battle formation allowed Timur to effectively face outflanking and frontal attacks of the enemy. Besides, such battle formation also fit for quick shift from defense to massive counterattack, performed by advance guard and kanbuls projected towards the enemy. The vulnerability of weakened flank corps was partially compensated by using infantry archery units with support of dismounted archers. As a rule, massive archery attack stopped the enemy's attack and provided for counterattack. The organizational and tactical autonomy of kul corps, which could embattle independently even if there was a front breakthrough or encirclement, played an important role. Dismounted, enshielded warriors of the corps could repulse the attacks until the deblocking unit approaches. A fast-moving reserve under Timur's personal command could be used for both repulsing an attack and augmenting the advancing troops.

“The Holder of Forty Spears” in the list of Däftär-i Čingiz-nāmä: definition meaning, symbol

The article explains the meaning of the term “the Holder of Forty Spears” (“қырық сүңгілі”) in a separate list of the Turko-Tatar Chronicles Däftär-i Čingiz-nāmä at the end of the XVII century. Besides, a trial of identifying some characters was done from the mentioned source as “the Holder of Forty Spears” – Bolat bahadur” and his son “Bek bey” with real historical figures (beks, tribal chiefs) of the Golden Horde at the time of Janibek Khan. In the military history of the ancient settlers of Eurasia and late medieval Turko-Mongol nomadic tribes, spears and lances were one of the main types of weapons of the close combat and their importance was mentioned more than once in the writings. In addition to the basic, functional, combat assignment, spears and lances in the military culture and traditions of the Turko-Mongol nomads of the Great Steppe had a symbolic meaning. A spear, as a means of armament, used in a ram attack and a close combat, evolved into the symbol of statehood in the form of banners, flags, and possessing them equaled the status of “a commander-in-chief” or “a major warlord”. In this regard, by analyzing and taking into consideration continual several century-long military traditions of the steppe nomads, the article implies the word combination “the Holder of Forty Spears” (“қырық сүңгілі”) in Däftär-i Čingiz-nāmä is equal to “Commander-in- Chief Army”, in other words, in our opinion, in this source spear-lance is represented as an abstracted textual symbol indicating “an army”, “a huge troop” and its Holder as “a commander-in-chief”, “major warlord”.

Relations between the ancient Turks and the Yenisei Kyrgyz at the turn of the early Middle Ages (ancient Turks at the turn of the early Middle Ages)

It is represented in an article the history of the Turks till the second half of the 1st millennium A.D., from migration period out of Central Asian steppes to boundaries of the Chinese empire and their resettlement to the Altai Mountains, when the Old Turkic state was at its greatest height, took control the number of sedentary agriculturist oases and successfully confronted the major powers of that time - Chinese Persian and Byzantine empires. Throughout the vast territory of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and Central Asian region there are represented all major types of funerary and memorial constructions of the Old Turks, which constitutes burial places according to the ritual of inhumation accompanied by riding horses or rams and memorial complexes in the form of vertically dug stone plates fences with vertically fixed stone steles. Authors of the article consider designated historical period of the Old Turkic history from the perspective of interaction of the Old Turks and Kyrgyz, who resided in the territory of Minusinsk Hollow. Mutual relations between those two peoples took various forms in different times: unabashedly hostile passively feudatory, when the Yenisei Kyrgyz preferred not to show pure resistance to the Turks. However, such instability of their own position has not disturbed the Kyrgyz to expand the range of their own vassals.

Статус и обряд – новая выставка Института археологии и этнографии о клинковом оружии в археологии и этнографии народов Сибири

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