Chapter 7 Quick clay behaviour in sensitive Quaternary marine clays – a UK perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Peter Giles
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Velocity Flow ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Quick Clay ◽  
Flow Slides ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quaternary History ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marine Clays

AbstractThe term quick clay has been used to denote the behaviour of highly sensitive Quaternary marine clays that, due to post depositional processes, have the tendency to change from a relatively stiff condition to a liquid mass when disturbed. On failure these marine clays can rapidly mobilise into high velocity flow slides and spreads often completely liquefying in the process. For a clay to be defined as potentially behaving as a quick clay in terms of its geotechnical parameters it must have a sensitivity (the ratio of undisturbed to remoulded shear strength) of greater than 30 together with a remoulded shear strength of less than 0.5 kPa. The presence of quick clays in the UK is unclear, but the Quaternary history of the British islands suggests that the precursor conditions for their formation could be present and should be considered when undertaking construction in the coastal zone.

scholarly journals Long-term effect of potassium chloride treatment on improving the soil behavior of highly sensitive clay — Ulvensplitten, Norway

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonje Eide Helle ◽  
Steinar Nordal ◽  
Per Aagaard ◽  
Ole Kristian Lied
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Quick Clay ◽  
Flow Slides ◽  
Permanent Effect

Re-establishing high salt concentration in leached low-saline, highly sensitive clays significantly improves their mechanical properties. Long-term effects on quick clay exposed to diffusion of potassium chloride (KCl) from salt wells installed in 1972 at Ulvensplitten, Oslo, Norway, are investigated. The increased undrained and remolded shear strengths, as well as increased Atterberg limits, remain 30 to 40 years later. The undisturbed shear strength increased from less than 10 to 25–30 kPa, and the remolded shear strength increased from less than 0.5 to more than 6 kPa. The liquid limit increased beyond the natural water content. Adding KCl to quick clay improved the properties to such an extent that it no longer appears as quick. Recent ground investigations in the area suggest a permanent effect on an engineering time scale. Consequently, the method may be suitable to prevent large flow slides in quick clay areas.

scholarly journals Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Adams ◽  
Mark Ainsworth ◽  
Rekha Anand ◽  
Monique I. Andersson ◽  
Kathryn Auckland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Advisory Panel ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.

scholarly journals Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emily R Adams ◽  
Mark Ainsworth ◽  
Rekha Anand ◽  
Monique I Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Advisory Panel ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices.MethodsWe tested plasma for COVID (SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142).ResultsELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar.ConclusionsCurrently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.

VI.—Vegetational Change, Shoreline Displacement and the Human Factor in the Late Quaternary History of South-West Scotland

1967 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 145-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
South West ◽  
Vegetational Change ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shoreline Displacement ◽  
Quaternary History ◽  
Marine Clays

SynopsisPalynological investigations were made at two sites in south-west Scotland where peat bogs overlying late Quaternary marine clays and sands were dated by reference to the established British pollen zonation. The “25 foot” shoreline was formed during late Zone VI and early VIIa near Dumfries (c. 8100 to 6600 years B.P.), while the “50 foot” beach near Campbeltown has been referred to Zone III (ending c. 10,000 years B.P.). Close-interval analysis of the upper sections of the pollen diagrams has allowed the recognition of human interference with the vegetation. Minor short-term changes in Zone VI have been tentatively referred to Mesolithic activities, while from Neolithic times (Zone VIIb) onwards there is evidence for an increasingly effective modification of the natural environment. The pollen diagrams allow some conclusions to be drawn about the types of farming (including cereal cultivation) which were characteristic of the settlements near Dumfries and in south Kintyre.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ros Scott
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Palliative Care Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hospice And Palliative Care ◽  
Changing Role

This chapter explores the history of volunteers in the founding and development of United Kingdom (UK) hospice services. It considers the changing role and influences of volunteering on services at different stages of development. Evidence suggests that voluntary sector hospice and palliative care services are dependent on volunteers for the range and quality of services delivered. Within such services, volunteer trustees carry significant responsibility for the strategic direction of the organiszation. Others are engaged in diverse roles ranging from the direct support of patient and families to public education and fundraising. The scope of these different roles is explored before considering the range of management models and approaches to training. This chapter also considers the direct and indirect impact on volunteering of changing palliative care, societal, political, and legislative contexts. It concludes by exploring how and why the sector is changing in the UK and considering the growing autonomy of volunteers within the sector.

scholarly journals Gambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: Prevalence and distribution

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Jones ◽  
Alice Metcalf ◽  
Katherine Gordon-Smith ◽  
Liz Forty ◽  
Amy Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Rapid Cycling ◽  
Probable Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundNorth American studies show bipolar disorder is associated with elevated rates of problem gambling; however, little is known about rates in the different presentations of bipolar illness.AimsTo determine the prevalence and distribution of problem gambling in people with bipolar disorder in the UK.MethodThe Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to measure gambling problems in 635 participants with bipolar disorder.ResultsModerate to severe gambling problems were four times higher in people with bipolar disorder than in the general population, and were associated with type 2 disorder (OR = 1.74, P = 0.036), history of suicidal ideation or attempt (OR = 3.44, P = 0.02) and rapid cycling (OR = 2.63, P = 0.008).ConclusionsApproximately 1 in 10 patients with bipolar disorder may be at moderate to severe risk of problem gambling, possibly associated with suicidal behaviour and a rapid cycling course. Elevated rates of gambling problems in type 2 disorder highlight the probable significance of modest but unstable mood disturbance in the development and maintenance of such problems.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in a Cohort of Patients with Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Setareh Alabaf ◽  
Karen O'Connell ◽  
Sithara Ramdas ◽  
David Beeson ◽  
Jacqueline Palace
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rare Group

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) are a rare group of genetic disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Some subtypes of CMS can be associated with respiratory and bulbar weakness and these patients may therefore be at high risk of developing a severe disease from COVID-19. We screened 73 patients with genetically confirmed CMS who were attending the UK national referral centre for evidence of previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 infection and their clinical outcome. Of 73 patients, seven had history of confirmed COVID-19. None of the infected patients developed a severe disease, and there were no signals that CMS alone carries a high risk of severe disease from COVID-19.

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