Transit boosting of trans-Channel katabatic winds by depressions associated with west European storms tracks: impact on Pleistocene loess deposits.

Onshore and offshore sedimentological, geochemical, geomorphological, paleontological and geochronological studies of loess deposits located under and around the English Channel revealed that they were transported by katabatic winds generated by the British-Irish Ice Sheet. Katabatic winds, which are low-altitude wind flows, were able to jump over the low southern British hills but were stopped by the higher Brittany and Normandy hills. This regional topography is interrupted by a north-south corridor linking the northern and southern shores of Brittany where loess propagated down to the mouth of Loire River. This long transit shows that the total distance travelled by the katabatic wind was around 750 kilometres, which represents an unusual distance for the propagation of this wind under continental conditions. Strong similarities with Antarctica and Greenland, where well documented cases of katabatic winds are known, show that the transit of the trans-Channel katabatic winds were strongly enhanced by the seasonal drift of storms propagating in an eastward direction along the axis of the English Channel. This increasing strength of the North-South katabatic flux was probably at the origin of the transport of loess particles down to the mouth of Loire River.

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Transport of Late Pleistocene loess particles by katabatic winds during the lowstands of the English Channel

Journal of the Geological Society ◽

10.1144/jgs2019-070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 176 (6) ◽

pp. 1169-1181 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Lefort ◽

Jean-Laurent Monnier ◽

Guzel Danukalova

Keyword(s):

Late Pleistocene ◽

English Channel ◽

Katabatic Winds ◽

Loess Particles

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Further Investigation upon the Water Movements in the English Channel. Drift-Bottle Experiments in the Summers of 1927, 1928 and 1929, with Critical Notes on Drift-Bottle Experiments in General.

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400051869 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 241-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. N. Carruthers

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

The North ◽

Different Types ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Common ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Great Simplicity ◽

Simple Surface

In July–August of three different years common surface-floating bottles were set adrift at International Station E2 (49° 27' N.—4° 42' W.). With them, various types of drag-fitted bottles were also put out. The journeys accomplished are discussed, and the striking differences as between year and year in the case of the common surface floaters, and as between the different types in the same year, are commented upon in the light of the prevailing winds. An inter-relationship of great simplicity is deduced between wind speed and the rate of travel of simple surface floating bottles up-Channel and across the North Sea from the results of experiments carried out in four different summers.

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Temperature, Salinity and Plankton in the Eastern North Atlantic and Coastal Waters of Britain, 1957.: I. The Characterisation and Distribution of Surface Waters

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f63-052 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 789-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

B. McK. Bary

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Water Bodies ◽

English Channel ◽

Oceanic Water ◽

Climatic Fluctuations ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Eastern North Atlantic

Monthly temperature-salinity diagrams for 1957 have demonstrated that three surface oceanic "water bodies" were consistently present in the eastern North Atlantic; two are regarded as modified North Atlantic Central water which give rise to the third by mixing. As well in the oceanic areas, large and small, high or low salinity patches of water were common. Effects of seasonal climatic fluctuations differed in the several oceanic water bodies. In coastal waters, differences in properties and in seasonal and annual cycles of the properties distinguish the waters from the North Sea, English Channel and the western entrance to the Channel.The geographic distributions of the oceanic waters are consistent with "northern" and "southern" water bodies mixing to form a "transitional" water. Within this distribution there are short-term changes in boundaries and long-term (seasonal) changes in size of the water bodies.Water in the western approaches to the English Channel appeared to be influenced chiefly by the mixed, oceanic transitional water; oceanic influences in the North Sea appear to have been from northern and transitional waters.

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Determinacy of fecundity in sole (Solea solea) from the Bristol Channel

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400059075 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 803-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. W. Horwood ◽

M. Greer Walker

Keyword(s):

Bay Of Biscay ◽

English Channel ◽

Potential Fecundity ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

The North ◽

Size Frequency ◽

Solea Solea ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Common ◽

Common Sole

Ovaries of the common sole (Solea solea (Linnaeus)) were collected prior to, or at the beginning of, spawning from the spawning grounds in the Bristol Channel. Size frequency distributions of oocytes over 100 μm are presented. They clearly show a break in the size frequency distributions, at about 170 μm, indicating that the production of new oocytes to be spawned that season had ceased. It indicates that the sole is a determinate spawner and that, at least for this population, an annual potential fecundity can be measured. Estimated annual fecundity at length of Bristol Channel sole is calculated, and values are compared with those found for sole from the North Sea, eastern English Channel and the Bay of Biscay.

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1.—The Competitors and the Result

Aeronautical journal (London England 1897) ◽

10.1017/s2398187300146730 ◽

1906 ◽

Vol 10 (40) ◽

pp. 50-51

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

Long Distance ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Way

No fewer than seven nations tried to win the Gordon Bennett Cup in the race which started from the Tuileries Gardens, in Paris, on September 30th. But the wind was in an unfavourable direction for the accomplishment of a long distance record. To some, the English Channel barred the way, to some, the North Sea.The cup offered for the greatest distance covered has been accorded to the American aeronaut, Mr. Frank P. Lahm, who descended 15 miles north of Scarborough.It will be seen in another part of this Journal that in December next, Members of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain will hear an account of the Gordon-Bennett race from Colonel J. E. Capper, who took part in the race, having accompanied Mr. Rolls in the “ Britannia.” In this account, therefore, it will suffice to merely tabulate the competitors and results.

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Biodiversity and the biogeographic relationships of the Amphipoda: Gammaridea on the French coastline

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315404009658h ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 621-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jean-Claude Dauvin ◽

Denise Bellan-Santini

Keyword(s):

Latitudinal Gradient ◽

Marine Invertebrate ◽

English Channel ◽

Latitude Range ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

Cool Temperate ◽

Amphipoda Species ◽

Central Atlantic ◽

Warm Temperate

A recent inventory of the benthic Gammaridea: Amphipoda species on the French continental coastline catalogued 495 species. An analysis of the biodiversity and the biogeographic relationships that exist between the French Amphipoda: Gammaridea, living on the coastline that extends along 10° latitude range in the temperate region between 41° and 51° North and the other gammaridean faunas living in the north-eastern Atlantic has drawn the pattern of diversity in this marine invertebrate group on a large biogeographical scale. Gammaridean amphipods exhibit a latitudinal gradient over the total number of species, including the continental shelf species and the bathyal species. There are four main fauna groups, which correspond to the biogeographical zones of the north-eastern Atlantic: (1) a cold arctic and cool-temperate Svalbard and Norwegian coastal fauna; (2) a cool-temperate boreal and Boreal–Lusitanian United Kingdom, Irish and English Channel shallow fauna; (3) a warm-temperate Lusitanian Bay of Biscay and subtropical central Atlantic fauna; and (4) a subtropical Mediterranean fauna. The French fauna appears particularly rich, presenting 44% of the 1119 species recorded in the north-eastern Atlantic along the 50° latitude range (30°N–80°N). This is obviously due to France's intermediate latitudinal location within the Lusitanian temperate biogeographical zone, which produces a biogeographical cross between the boreal fauna in the north and the warm temperate and sub-tropical fauna in the south.

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Controls on the nature of loess particles and the formation of loess deposits

Quaternary International ◽

10.1016/j.quaint.2017.08.021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 502 ◽

pp. 160-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ian Smalley ◽

Slobodan B. Marković

Keyword(s):

Loess Particles ◽

Loess Deposits

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Modeling dust emission response to MIS 3 millennial climate variations from the perspective of East European loess deposits

Climate of the Past Discussions ◽

10.5194/cpd-9-143-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 143-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Sima ◽

M. Kageyama ◽

D.-D. Rousseau ◽

G. Ramstein ◽

Y. Balkanski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

General Circulation ◽

Reference Site ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Surface Model ◽

Climate Signal ◽

The North ◽

Loess Deposits ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract. European loess sequences of the last glacial period (~ 100–15 kyr BP) show periods of strong dust accumulation alternating with episodes of reduced sedimentation, favoring soil development. In the western part of the loess belt centered around 50° N, these variations appear to have been caused by the North Atlantic rapid climate changes: the Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) and Heinrich (H) events. It has been recently suggested that the North-Atlantic climate signal can be detected further east, in loess deposits from Stayky (50° 05.65' N, 30° 53.92' E), Ukraine. Here we use climate and dust emission modeling to investigate this data interpretation. We focus on the areas north and northeast of the Carpathians, where loess deposits can be found, and the corresponding main dust sources must have been located as well. The simulations, performed with the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model and the ORCHIDEE land-surface model, represent a Greenland stadial, a DO interstadial and an H event respectively. Placed in Marine Isotope Stage 3 (~ 60–25 kyr BP) conditions, they only differ by the surface conditions imposed in the North Atlantic between 30° and 63° N. The main source for the loess deposits in the studied area is identified as a dust deflation band, with two very active spots located west–northwest from our reference site. Emissions only occur between February and June. Differences from one deflation spot to another, and from one climate state to another, are explained by analyzing the relevant meteorological and surface variables. Over most of the source region, the annual emission fluxes in the "interstadial" experiment are 30 to 50% lower than the "stadial" values; they would only be about 20% lower if the inhibition of dust uplift by the vegetation were not taken into account. Assuming that lower emissions result in reduced dust deposition leads us to the conclusion that the loess-paleosol stratigraphic succession in the Stayky area reflects indeed North-Atlantic millennial variations. In the main deflation areas of Western Europe, the vegetation effect alone determined most of the ~ 50% stadial-interstadial flux differences. Even if its impact in Eastern Europe is less pronounced, this effect remains a key factor in modulating aeolian emissions at millennial timescale. Conditions favorable to initiating particularly strong dust storms within a few hundred kilometers upwind from our reference site, simulated in the month of April of the "H event" experiment, support the identification of H events as layers of particularly coarse sedimentation in some very detailed profiles.

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Thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada (Mugilidae) caught in a

Fauna norvegica ◽

10.5324/fn.v26i0.571 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Bror Jonsson ◽

Nina Jonsson

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Total Mass ◽

First Year ◽

English Channel ◽

Grey Mullet ◽

Font Size ◽

Growth Season ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

First Year Of Life

Two individuals of thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada were collected in a southern Norwegian brook (58° 22’ N, 8° 37’ E) on 12th September 2007. The fish were 8.7 and 9.0 cm in total length, 6 and 7 g in total mass, and most probably in their first year of life. The nearest known spawning area of the species is south of the English Channel, meaning that they had probably moved at least 900 km across the North Sea during their first growth season. To our knowledge, this is the first published observation of the catadromous thinlip grey mullet from a Scandinavian freshwater course.

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Investigations Upon the Water Movements in the English Channel. Summer, 1924

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400058410 ◽

1927 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 685-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. N. Carruthers

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

Average Speed ◽

Southern North Sea ◽

The North ◽

Westerly Winds ◽

The North Sea

In July, 1924, 250 floating, and an equal number of bottom-trailing, bottles were put out at selected places in the western English Channel. Fifty of each type were put out at each of the two routine Stations E2 and E3, and the same number was “liberated” at each of three selected stretches along the steamship route from Southampton to St. Malo. Those surface bottles, which did not strand locally, travelled rapidly up Channel towards the North Sea and across it. Many bottles arrived in the Skager-Rack after performing their journey of some 700 miles at the rate of 6 miles a day and more. An adequate study of wind conditions, as recorded at several stations along the length of the Channel and at one station in the southern North Sea, revealed the fact that there was, for some 5½ months (counting from the time of liberation of the bottles), an almost uninterrupted predominance of south-westerly winds—as recorded at all stations considered. The whole area of the Channel was swept by south-westerly winds of average speed of some 9 miles a day for at least 5½ months subsequent to the time of putting out of the bottles. July, 1924, had (according to the Falmouth Observatory records) the largest proportion of westerly winds experienced for 54 years; 20 days of this month had winds with westerly components. The association of the unusually persistent westerly winds with the rapid travel of surface bottles towards and across the North Sea is interesting.

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