Book review

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Michael Metcalf

Computing was in a state of crisis. As the price of the hardware continued to fall, and the power of processors continued to rise, the cost of programming the devices was becoming a major part of the overall cost. Small wonder. In 1954, although there were only a few dozen computers in existence, their programming was carried by a small army of experts coding at worst in binary code and at best in some form of assembler. Enter John Backus. This somewhat unorthodox but brilliant mathematician had been hired off the street by IBM in 1949 to work on its Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) computer. As a result of his experience there, he realised that the only way out of this impasse was to enable programmers to code more efficiently using a higher level of abstraction. But that would not, itself, be sufficient. It would be essential that the final binary code produced by any automatic coding system be as efficient as that being produced by the laborious hand coding.

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 307-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gardinier

In February of 1976 the American Historical Association published the first issue of Recently Published Articles. RPA is a current, comprehensive bibliography of scholarly historical articles in all fields, and replaces the bibliographical sections previously published in the American Historical Review under the same title. RPA is issued three times a year and, at present, lists nearly 15,000 citations annually, of which about one-eighth relate to Africa -- a number second only to that for the United States.The creation of RPA resulted from the re-organization of the American Historical Association and its various services. A survey of American Historical Review subscribers revealed a desire by the majority for a more extensive and balanced book review section and most of the space left in the Review by the departure of the bibliography has in fact been filled by additional book reviews, including more in African history. Surprisingly -- and perhaps distressingly -- only a minority of those surveyed indicated that they consulted the bibliographical sections with any regularity. Because of this, and because the growth of the bibliographies during the 1970s (reflecting both increased output and better coverage) was adding steadily to the cost of producing the Review, it was decided to transfer these costs directly to the users -- a practice the reader will recognize as becoming more common. At the same time it was decided to intensify efforts at better and more extensive coverage, in particular to include more articles outside history proper which nevertheless have interest to historians.


2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 1271-1276
Author(s):  
Wan Lei Liang ◽  
Xiao Dan Guan

The mounting process is the key factor of the placement efficiency, it is also important for the improvement of the efficiency of whole production line and decrease of the cost. This paper analyzed the mounting process of the Chip Shooter machine, applied the PSO algorithm, constructed the corresponding coding system, proposed the corresponding particle update mechanism, introduced the partially matched crossover idea of the genetic algorithm into the PSO algorithm, and designed the new re-scheduling method of feeder position assignment to optimize the position assignment of feeders and the pickup and placement sequence of components, thus improved the placement efficiency. After comparing the results before and after the simulation test for selected 8 pieces of PCB, the average efficiency of this algorithm is 7.09% higher than genetic algorithm method that is based on sort encoding. The experimental result shows that, this algorithm is more efficiency on the improvement placement efficiency and decrease of the placement time for the chip shooter machine.


JURISDICTIE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Dewi Wulan Fasya

This article seeks to examine the concept of buying and selling the right to buy back the book review law and civil law bai 'al-Wafa, according to the Shafi'i fiqh. In addition, this article also aims to determine the ratio of the purchase with repurchase review the statute books of civil law and bai al-Wafa, according to the Shafi'i fiqh. Based on the discussion of this article indicates that the purchase is a period of time agreed to recall goods that have been sold and the sale can not be more than five years. While bai 'al-Wafa, according to the Shafi'i fiqh of buying and selling that took sides coupled with the condition that the sale could be bought back by the seller, when the time limit has been determined arrive, while the goods sold are free to be used by the buyer. In sale and purchase of the right to buy back also set about replacement care costs of goods and so forth, while bai 'alWafa there is no mention of the replacement cost of care, which is paid only the cost of the initial purchase, the last of the law of sale and purchase with a repurchase in KUHPerdata much contested in the Supreme court decision which MA. No. 1729 K / Pdt / 2004, which stated that the purchase of the right to buy back is not allowed, while bai 'al-Wafa laws in Shafi'i fiqh books Raghibin Kanz al-Minhaj Fi Sharh al-Thalibin a transaction is fasid. <br />Artikel ini bertujuan mengetahui konsep jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali tinjauan kitab undang-undang hukum perdata dan bai` al-wafâ menurut fikih Syafi’i. Selain itu, artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan dari jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali tinjauan kitab undang-undang hukum perdata dan bai` al-wafâ menurut fikih Syafi’i. Berdasarkan uraian pembahasan artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jual beli ini ada suatu jangka waktu tertentu yang diperjanjikan untuk menebus kembali barang yang telah dijual dan jangka waktu jual beli ini tidak boleh lebih dari lima tahun. Sedangkan bai’ al-wafâ menurut fikih Syafi’i yaitu jual beli yang dilangsungkan dua pihak yang dibarengi dengan syarat bahwa yang dijual itu dapat dibeli kembali oleh penjual, apabila tenggang waktu yang telah ditentukan tiba, sedangkan barang yang dijual tersebut bebas dipergunakan oleh pembeli. Dalam jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali juga mengatur tentang penggantian biaya perawatan barang dan lain sebagainya, sedangkan bai’ al-wafâ tidak ada menyinggung tentang penggantian biaya perawatan, yang dibayarkan hanya harga awal pembelian, terakhir mengenai hukum dari jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali dalam KUHPerdata banyak dipertentangkan dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung diantaranya Putusan MA. No. 1729 K/Pdt/2004 yang menyatakan bahwa jual beli dengan hak membeli kembali tidak diperbolehkan, sedangkan bai’ al-wafâ hukumnya dalam fikih Syafi’i kitab Kanz al-Râghibin Fi Syarh Minhaj al-Thâlibin merupakan jual beli yang fasid


Journalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146488492110607
Author(s):  
Iain McMenamin ◽  
Michael Courtney ◽  
Michael Breen ◽  
Gemma McNulty

Election coverage is often assumed to be different to everyday political coverage. We argue that this depends on political institutions. In majoritarian countries, where elections choose governments, election coverage should decisively move towards political competition and away from policy. In consensual countries, where coalitions are based on policy negotiations, there should be a less pronounced shift towards political competition and away from policy. To test this argument, we use an automatic coding system to study 0.9 billion words in Die Welt for 12 years and in the Financial Times for 30 years. The results support our institutional hypothesis.


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