Tinjauan Hukum Hak Beli Kembali dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Saham di Pasar Modal

A repurchase right agreement is a form of agreement that occurs and is found in people lives, such as residents who can take back their goods that have been sold under certain provisions as set out in article 1519 of the Civil Code. The aim of this research was to determine the legal review of the right to buy back in the share sale and purchase agreement in the capital market. The type of research used is normative with statutory approach. The source of legal material in this research is primary such as positive normative legal theory which stands on the doctrine that law is identical to pure norms in an objective sense free from ideological, ethical, and sociological values. The technique of legal materials used is by reading and quoting by analyzing willing invitations and using small notes taken from books, literature, and other sources related to the issues discussed. The data that has been obtained are then analyzed and analyzed qualitatively. The result shows that the rights and obligations of the parties who sell shares in the capital market must be equal and fair, before the rights and obligations are equal, fair, and implemented, they must first make an agreement. Legal remedies that can be taken if a contract error occurs can be made through external courts (non-litigation) and courts (litigation).

The research boroughs and their estates

This chapter summarises the London research boroughs and estates. The research focusses on fourteen council-built housing estates in seven boroughs: Barnet, Hackney, Haringey, Lambeth, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets. Six of these boroughs (except suburban Barnet) have been among the most deprived local authority areas in England for decades, and include high levels of poverty and large Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations, although they have also gentrified since the 1980s. The fourteen estates are analysed in terms of their local authority origins, landlords and housing tenure, and also the rationale, progress and effects of their respective regeneration schemes. Reference is made to entrepreneurial borough strategies where relevant. In addition to the seven main boroughs, less extensive research was undertaken at five council estates in four supplementary boroughs: Brent, Camden, Waltham Forest and Westminster. The chapter provides a socio-demographic summary of the estate resident interviewees divided into four housing tenures: social tenants, Right-to-Buy owner-occupiers, temporary non-secure tenants, and owner-occupiers who bought their homes on the open market. The interviewees broadly reflect the dominant multi-ethnic working-class population of London’s social housing estates, albeit weighted towards elderly and long-term residents.

Valued places

This chapter examines pre-regeneration estates as valued places with reference to residents’ place attachment. Social tenants and owner-occupiers were attached to their homes as domestic spaces, to their blocks of flats/rows of houses, and to their estates as neighbourhoods – not ‘sink estates’. These were valued and valuable places where long-term residents developed traditional place belonging and a sense of community. Ontological security was rooted at the home scale in solid buildings and domestic self-provisioning (Pahl), and at the block and neighbourhood spatial scales in residential longevity and accumulated local social capital (McKenzie). Residents, especially working-class women, had built up trusting and caring relationships with their neighbours over years of co-residence. Neighbourliness was enhanced by estates’ design features, such as balconies, courtyards, and green space. By purchasing their homes under the Right-to-Buy (RTB), owners deepened their spatial roots, and hence the RTB operated as a buy-to-stay mechanism. Incoming middle-class market-homeowners (gentrifiers) expressed elective belonging, rather than traditional belonging, although they also began to develop local social ties. Despite neighbourhood conviviality, London estates do not form cohesive urban villages as identified during the early post-war period (Young and Willmott), but instead are complex socio-demographic places in terms of ethnicity, age, tenure, etc.

Devalued places

This chapter explores how pre-regeneration estates became devalued places, largely connected to neoliberalisation and austerity policies and effects. Five devaluation strands are analysed: overcrowding, landlord neglect, population transience, crime and disorder, and stigmatisation. Overcrowded families living in small flats were unable to transfer to larger properties because social housing has contracted, trapping them in dwellings that no longer felt like home – un-homing. Although properties and estates were physically solid, they had been neglected due to inadequate investment, repairs and maintenance services. Landlord transfers (from the Greater London Council to the borough councils), plus managerialist restructuring (outsourcing and cutting back caretakers), also contributed to tenants’ complaints about living in a worsening environment. London estates have become more transient places due to the Right-to-Buy because of increased private landlordism, tenants and Airbnb guests. Crime, fear of crime and anti-social behaviour were important issues at some estates, but less so at others. Estates have become symbolically devalued via mass media territorial stigmatisation which has been exacerbated by austerity-related ‘poverty porn’ TV programmes. Despite such devaluations, residents generally positively valued their homes and estates (Chapter 6), and there was no mass desire to leave unlike in the case of US public housing projects (Wacquant).

Housing Inequalities, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: The Shifting Context in England and Wales since the 1980s

One of the first steps Margaret Thatcher’s government took following their election in 1979 was to introduce legislation that enabled sitting council tenants to buy their council homes. This chapter assesses the legacy of this policy on the experiences of homelessness and contact with the criminal justice system of two cohorts of UK citizens. Using longitudinal studies of people born in 1958 and 1970, the authors explore how policies intended to turn council tenants into property owners, may have also increased the risks of homelessness, and contact with the criminal justice system for others as well as subsequent generations. The authors assess how legislative changes can shape the lives of citizens, and highlight some of the unintended consequences of the ‘right to buy’ policy. Our chapter, therefore is essentially about the investigation of the outcomes of radical system deregulation. Our chapter draws upon concepts derived from life-course studies and historical institutionalist thinking in order to understand in-depth how radical policy changes may shape and alter the lives of ordinary citizens.

Thatcher’s ‘Right to Buy’ reform at 40: a policy feedback analysis of UK social housing policies

Focusing on policy feedback, this article examines the influence, four decades after its enactment, of Margaret Thatcher’s 1980 ‘Right to Buy’ (RtB) policy on today’s social housing institutions in the UK. We argue that through interest-group feedback mechanisms, RtB helped expand and reinforce the UK landlord class. Furthermore, we assert that the policy pressures placed on local councils to embody housing within the welfare state contributed to a path-dependent, privatisation feedback mechanism. More generally, an analysis of the UK case is important as it could help us think about housing privatisation in terms of policy feedback and long-term historical legacies.

Pricing of Barrier Options on Underlying Assets with Jump-Diffusion Dynamics: A Mellin Transform Approach

A barrier option is an exotic path-dependent option contract where the right to buy or sell is activated or extinguished when the underlying asset reaches a certain barrier price during the lifetime of the contract. In this article we use a Mellin transform approach to derive exact pricing formulas for barrier options with general payoffs and exponential barriers on underlying assets that have jump-diffusion dynamics. With the same approach we also price barrier options on underlying futures contracts.

Subsidizing the Supply of Rental Housing

Chapter 11 discusses subsidies to the supply of rental housing. The traditional approach has been to subsidise first local authorities and then housing associations to produce additional social housing. Later the emphasis shifted to introducing private finance and recycling past subsidy to provide a range of affordable housing products. Additionally, the planning system was modified to make it possible to require the provision of affordable housing on residential development sites. Allocation principles have also changed, moving away from accommodating lower-income working households to emphasising provision for vulnerable households of all types. Here we examine the impact of changing financing mechanisms on the capacity to add to the housing stock; the types of provision; and the rents that are charged across the country. We also consider the impact of Right to Buy and other approaches to transferring accommodation between tenures. Finally, we look to comparable international experience.

Outlet selectivity: how and when does it work?

PurposeA common tactic employed by retailers to enhance shoppers' purchase intentions is to promote a special offer product for purchase only at certain selected stores. This research aimed to identify the specific processes by which restricting the outlets drives intention to buy.Design/methodology/approachThree between-subjects experiments examined the effect on purchasing intention of outlet selectivity, as mediated by participants' perceptions of temporal accessibility and geographic accessibility (study 1), and investigated the extent to which decisions to buy might be moderated by the limited number of stores where the item would be available (study 2) and by “limited market,” in which the right to buy a product is restricted to a limited set of consumers (study 3).FindingsThe study findings are that joint consideration of the perceived temporal and geographic accessibility of a product generates two possible ways in which availability limited to certain stores makes the product seem hard to get and motivates consumer purchase decisions. However, such effect is confined to conditions in which the distribution of those outlets is low-density. When there was no change in those scores if restrictions were lower, participants' responsiveness to decreased availability was significantly raised by announcing that the chance to buy the product is further limited to “eligible” customers.Originality/valueThis research focused on consumer responses to outlet selectivity, a branch of inquiry that treats an overlooked facet of limited availability and provides useful assistance for developing methods to stimulate consumers' desire to purchase.