VacoPie: Visualizing Variance and Covariance Information onto Categorical Distribution of Data

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Gupta ◽  
Aashu Khodwal ◽  
Nidhi Pal
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Distribution

Effects of long-term chloroquine administration on the natural history of aortic aneurysms in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza Ramadan ◽  
Mark D. Wheatcroft ◽  
Adrian Quan ◽  
Krishna K. Singh ◽  
Fina Lovren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Suprarenal Aorta ◽  
History Of ◽  
Categorical Distribution

Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis and integrates the cellular pro-survival machinery. We investigated the role of autophagy in the natural history of murine abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). ApoE−/− mice were implanted with saline- or angiotensin II (Ang-II)-filled miniosmotic pumps then treated with either the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ; 50 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1, by intraperitoneal injection) or saline. Ang-II-elicited aneurysmal expansion of the suprarenal aorta coupled with thrombus formation were apparent 8 weeks later. CQ had no impact on the incidence (50% for Ang-II compared with 46.2% for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS) and categorical distribution of aneurysms. The markedly reduced survival rate observed with Ang-II (57.1% for Ang-II compared with 100% for saline; P < 0.05) was unaffected by CQ (61.5% for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS compared with Ang-II). CQ did not affect the mean maximum suprarenal aortic diameter (1.91 ± 0.19 mm for Ang-II compared with 1.97 ± 0.21 mm for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS). Elastin fragmentation, collagen accumulation, and smooth muscle attrition, which were higher in Ang-II-treated mice, were unaffected by CQ treatment. Long-term CQ administration does not affect the natural history and prognosis of experimental AAA, suggesting that global loss of autophagy is unlikely to be a causal factor in the development of aortic aneurysms. Manipulation of autophagy as a mechanism to reduce AAA may need re-evaluation.

133 Test of minimum-intervention protocols for optimizing in vitro embryo production in bison

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
M. L. Zwiefelhofer ◽  
E. M. Zwiefelhofer ◽  
S. X. Yang ◽  
S. Maeda ◽  
J. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Nominal Data ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
In Vitro Embryo Production ◽  
Categorical Distribution ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Parks Canada

The study was done to determine whether minimal handling protocols for ovarian synchronization and ovarian superstimulation may be used to increase in vitro embryo production in bison. Ultrasound-guided cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) collection was done in a group of bison (n=23; random start) during the anovulatory season to synchronize new follicular wave emergence. The COC were classified morphologically (compact-good and -regular, expanded, denuded, degenerate) but not processed further. At the time of COC collection (Day 0), bison were assigned randomly to 3 groups and given 5mL of saline IM (non-superstimulated controls; n=11), 10 Armour units of pFSH (Antrin R10, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan) in 5mL of saline IM once per day from Day 0 to 2 (regular FSH; n=5), or 30 armour units of a sustained-release form of pFSH (Antrin R10Al, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corp.) in 5mL of saline SC on Day 0 (long-acting FSH; n=7). On Day 4, a second COC collection was performed. Only compact COC were processed. The COC were matured in vitro for 25 to 28h at 38.8°C, fertilized (2×106 sperm mL−1) and co-incubated at 38.8°C in 5% CO2 for 18h. Presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured at 38.8°C in 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2. Nominal data were compared by t-test and analysis of variance. Binomial data were compared among groups by chi-squared. There was no difference between the first (random) COC collection (n=23) and second collection (n=11 non-superstimulated controls) in the total number of follicles detected, but the distribution among size categories (3-4, 4-8, and &gt;8mm) differed, i.e. fewer in the 3 to 4mm category at the time of the second COC collection (12.2±1.0v. 8.1±1.4; P&lt;0.05). In the nonstimulated control group, there were no differences between the first and second COC collections in the number of follicles aspirated (12.7±1.0v. 10.4±1.5), number of COC collected (7.7±0.9v. 5.3±1.3), or in the categorical distribution of COC. At the second COC collection, the number of follicles in the &gt;8mm category was greater in the regular FSH group than in the control or long-acting FSH groups (2.8±0.5v. 1.1±0.3, and 1.9±0.4, respectively; P&lt;0.05), but no differences were detected in the number of follicles aspirated, COC collected, or in the categorical distribution of COC. The cleavage rate (of total oocytes submitted to in vitro maturation), recorded 2 days after IVF, was higher in the control group than in either the regular FSH or long-acting FSH groups [25/35 (71.4%), 7/28 (25.0%), 8/35 (22.8%); P&lt;0.0001]. The freezable embryo production rate, recorded 7 days after IVF, was greater in the control group than in the regular FSH or long-acting FSH groups [19/35 (54.3%), 5/28 (17.9%), 5/35 (14.3%); P&lt;0.01]. In conclusion, minimal-handling interventions used in the present study to increase embryo production in bison were not effective, likely as a result of the timing, frequency, and duration of superstimulation. A random start resulted in greater COC collection than collection 4 days after ovarian synchronization, and embryo production rates were greater in non-superstimulated bison. This work was supported by Parks Canada and Saskatchewan ADF. Antrin products donated by Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corp., Japan.

scholarly journals Topic Modeling in Embedding Spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 439-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adji B. Dieng ◽  
Francisco J. R. Ruiz ◽  
David M. Blei
Keyword(s):  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Topic Model ◽  
Topic Models ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Natural Parameter ◽  
Document Models ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Categorical Distribution

Topic modeling analyzes documents to learn meaningful patterns of words. However, existing topic models fail to learn interpretable topics when working with large and heavy-tailed vocabularies. To this end, we develop the embedded topic model (etm), a generative model of documents that marries traditional topic models with word embeddings. More specifically, the etm models each word with a categorical distribution whose natural parameter is the inner product between the word’s embedding and an embedding of its assigned topic. To fit the etm, we develop an efficient amortized variational inference algorithm. The etm discovers interpretable topics even with large vocabularies that include rare words and stop words. It outperforms existing document models, such as latent Dirichlet allocation, in terms of both topic quality and predictive performance.

scholarly journals Handedness Development: A Model for Investigating the Development of Hemispheric Specialization and Interhemispheric Coordination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Frederick Michel
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Interhemispheric Communication ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
Categorical Distribution

The author presents his perspective on the character of science, development, and handedness and relates these to his investigations of the early development of handedness. After presenting some ideas on what hemispheric specialization of function might mean for neural processing and how handedness should be assessed, the neuroscience of control of the arms/hands and interhemispheric communication and coordination are examined for how developmental processes can affect these mechanisms. The author&rsquo;s work on the development of early handedness is reviewed and placed within a context of cascading events in which different forms of handedness emerge from earlier forms but not in a deterministic manner. This approach supports a continuous rather than categorical distribution of handedness and accounts for the predominance of right-handedness while maintaining a minority of left-handedness. Finally, the relation of the development of handedness to the development of several language and cognitive skills is examined.

A Novel Response Time-Driven Replica Selection Approach for Cloud Computing

2014 ◽  
Vol 519-520 ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
Zhong Xue Yang ◽  
Xiao Lin Qin ◽  
Wen Rui Li ◽  
Ying Jie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Response Time ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Access Latency ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Replica Selection ◽  
Selection Approach ◽  
Categorical Distribution

Data replication techniques are used in cloud computing to reduce access latency, network bandwidth and enhance data availability, system reliability. Replica selection involves selecting the best replica location to access the data for job execution in cloud computing. In order to select the best replica, a novel response time-driven replica selection approach based on Dirichlet probability distribution (DPRS) is proposed in this paper. Dirichlet PDF is the conjugate prior of categorical distribution to predict the posteriori value. The response time is calculated based on the network parameters such as network bandwidth, file size and access latency. The best replica can be predicted in corresponding with the historical log file by using Dirichlet PDF. Simulation results show that DPRS method conducts high performance in lower mean response time, while compared with No replica, LRU and LFU strategies.

scholarly journals The phonologisation of redundancy: length and quality in Welsh vowels

Phonology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-162
Author(s):  
Pavel Iosad
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Emergent Features ◽  
Categorical Distribution ◽  
Conceptual Underpinning ◽  
Formal Constraints

‘Phonologisation’ is a process whereby a phonetic phenomenon enters the phonological grammar and becomes conceptualised as the result of categorical manipulation of phonological symbols. I analyse the phonologisation of a predictable phonological pattern in Welsh, with particular attention to identifying criteria for whether phonologisation has occurred. I argue for a model where phonologisation experiences bottom-up and top-down biases. From the bottom up, there is pressure to phonologise phenomena with a categorical distribution; from the top down, there exist formal constraints on featural specification. I focus on the requirement for featural specifications to obey the Contrastivist Hypothesis, which denies that redundant features can be involved in phonological computation, in the context of a framework with emergent features. I suggest that the Contrastivist Hypothesis provides a useful boundary condition for emergent-feature theories, whilst independent phonologisation criteria provide contrastivist approaches with a more solid conceptual underpinning.

scholarly journals Chinese Comma Disambiguation in Math Word Problems Using SMOTE and Random Forests

AI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-755
Author(s):  
Jingxiu Huang ◽  
Qingtang Liu ◽  
Yunxiang Zheng ◽  
Linjing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Random Forests ◽  
Word Problems ◽  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Learning Problem ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Categorical Distribution ◽  
Structured Representation

Natural language understanding technologies play an essential role in automatically solving math word problems. In the process of machine understanding Chinese math word problems, comma disambiguation, which is associated with a class imbalance binary learning problem, is addressed as a valuable instrument to transform the problem statement of math word problems into structured representation. Aiming to resolve this problem, we employed the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and random forests to comma classification after their hyperparameters were jointly optimized. We propose a strict measure to evaluate the performance of deployed comma classification models on comma disambiguation in math word problems. To verify the effectiveness of random forest classifiers with SMOTE on comma disambiguation, we conducted two-stage experiments on two datasets with a collection of evaluation measures. Experimental results showed that random forest classifiers were significantly superior to baseline methods in Chinese comma disambiguation. The SMOTE algorithm with optimized hyperparameter settings based on the categorical distribution of different datasets is preferable, instead of with its default values. For practitioners, we suggest that hyperparameters of a classification models be optimized again after parameter settings of SMOTE have been changed.

scholarly journals The Characterization of Biological Organization, Abstraction, and Novelty in Biomimetic Design

Designs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Bhasin ◽  
Daniel McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Biomimetic Design ◽  
Abstraction Level ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Categorical Distribution ◽  
And Robotics

Through billions of years of evolution, a latent record of successful and failed design practices has developed in nature. The endeavors to exploit this record have resulted in numerous successful products in various fields of engineering, including, but not limited to, networking, propulsion, surface engineering, and robotics. In this work, a study of existing biomimetic designs has been carried out by categorizing the designs according to the biological organizational level, the abstraction level, and a novelty measure. The criterion of novelty has been used as a partial measure of the quality of bio-inspired and biomimetic designs already introduced, or ready to be introduced to the market. Through this review and categorization, we recognize patterns in existing biomimetic and bio-inspired products by analyzing their cross-categorical distribution. Using the distribution, we identify the categories which yield novel bio-inspired designs. We also examine the distribution to identify less explored areas of bio-inspired design. Additionally, this study is a step forward in aiding the practitioners of biomimetics in identifying the categories which yield the highest novelty products in their area of interest.

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