Conduct Disorders and Empathy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Emily C. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Empathy Development

Childhood conduct disorders, a serious mental health concern, put children at risk for significant mental health problems throughout development. Elevations on callous-unemotional (CU) traits designate a subgroup of youth with conduct disorders who have unique causal processes underlying their problem behavior and are at a particularly high risk for serious impairment relative to others with these disorders. As a result, these traits have recently been integrated into major diagnostic classification systems for conduct disorders. Given that CU traits are partly defined by deficits in empathy, we review research on empathy development in typically developing children and use this research to ( a) advance theories on the specific emotional deficits that may be associated with CU traits, ( b) explain the severe pattern of aggressive behavior displayed by children with elevated CU traits, and ( c) suggest possible ways to enhance prevention and treatment for children with conduct disorders and elevated CU traits. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 7, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Computational Psychiatry Needs Time and Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Hitchcock ◽  
Eiko I. Fried ◽  
Michael J. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Computational Psychiatry ◽  
State Variation ◽  
New Generation

Why has computational psychiatry yet to influence routine clinical practice? One reason may be that it has neglected context and temporal dynamics in the models of certain mental health problems. We develop three heuristics for estimating whether time and context are important to a mental health problem: Is it characterized by a core neurobiological mechanism? Does it follow a straightforward natural trajectory? And is intentional mental content peripheral to the problem? For many problems the answers are no, suggesting that modeling time and context is critical. We review computational psychiatry advances toward this end, including modeling state variation, using domain-specific stimuli, and interpreting differences in context. We discuss complementary network and complex systems approaches. Novel methods and unification with adjacent fields may inspire a new generation of computational psychiatry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Gendered Manifestations of Depression and Help Seeking Among Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrod B. Call ◽  
Kevin Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Medical Provider ◽  
Help Seeking Behaviors ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Using Data

Men who do not seek help for mental health problems may experience unnecessary suffering which ultimately affects the well-being of themselves and others. Gendered manifestations of depressive symptoms may play an important role in why some men do not seek help for mental health issues. Using data from 2,382 male respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the authors examined the relationship that both traditional and male-typical symptoms of depression had on the help-seeking behaviors of men. Traditional symptoms increased the odds of seeking help for depression for all men. Male-typical symptoms, however, did not increase the odds of seeking help for depression or another mental health concern. Both traditional and male-typical symptoms increased the odds of initially seeking help from a medical provider, and men with male-typical symptoms had an overall higher likelihood of seeking help from a medical provider. Consequently, it is important that medical professionals assess for depression even when it is not a presenting concern.

scholarly journals Emotional and Cognitive Empathy in Caregivers of People With Neurodegenerative Disease: Relationships With Caregiver Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262097436
Author(s):  
Alice Y. Hua ◽  
Jenna L. Wells ◽  
Casey L. Brown ◽  
Robert W. Levenson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Emotional Empathy ◽  
People With Dementia

Caregiving for a person with dementia or neurodegenerative disease is associated with increased rates of depression and anxiety. As the population ages and dementia prevalence increases worldwide, mental health problems related to dementia caregiving will become an even more pressing public health concern. In the present study, we assessed emotional empathy (physiological, behavioral, and self-reported emotional responses to a film depicting others suffering) and two measures of cognitive empathy (identifying the primary emotion experienced by another person and providing continuous ratings of the valence of another person’s changing emotions) in relation to mental health (standard questionnaires) in 78 caregivers of people with dementia or neurodegenerative disease. Greater emotional empathy (self-reported emotional responses) was associated with worse mental health even after accounting for known risk factors. Neither measure of cognitive empathy was associated with mental health. A relationship between high levels of emotional empathy and poor mental health in caregivers suggests possible risk indicators and intervention targets.

Long Noncoding RNAs and Human Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna K. DiStefano ◽  
Glenn S. Gerhard
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Number Of Publications

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Recent Rise of Suicide Mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Martínez-Alés ◽  
Tammy Jiang ◽  
Katherine M. Keyes ◽  
Jaimie L. Gradus
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Subsequent Decrease

Suicide is a major public health concern in the United States. Between 2000 and 2018, US suicide rates increased by 35%, contributing to the stagnation and subsequent decrease in US life expectancy. During 2019, suicide declined modestly, mostly owing to slight reductions in suicides among Whites. Suicide rates, however, continued to increase or remained stable among all other racial/ethnic groups, and little is known about recent suicide trends among other vulnerable groups. This article ( a) summarizes US suicide mortality trends over the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, ( b) reviews potential group-level causes of increased suicide risk among subpopulations characterized by markers of vulnerability to suicide, and ( c) advocates for combining recent advances in population-based suicide prevention with a socially conscious perspective that captures the social, economic, and political contexts in which suicide risk unfolds over the life course of vulnerable individuals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 43 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Gillan ◽  
Robb B. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Smartphone Sensors ◽  
Rich Data

Improvements in understanding the neurobiological basis of mental illness have unfortunately not translated into major advances in treatment. At this point, it is clear that psychiatric disorders are exceedingly complex and that, in order to account for and leverage this complexity, we need to collect longitudinal datasets from much larger and more diverse samples than is practical using traditional methods. We discuss how smartphone-based research methods have the potential to dramatically advance our understanding of the neuroscience of mental health. This, we expect, will take the form of complementing lab-based hard neuroscience research with dense sampling of cognitive tests, clinical questionnaires, passive data from smartphone sensors, and experience-sampling data as people go about their daily lives. Theory- and data-driven approaches can help make sense of these rich data sets, and the combination of computational tools and the big data that smartphones make possible has great potential value for researchers wishing to understand how aspects of brain function give rise to, or emerge from, states of mental health and illness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
Robert H. Proctor ◽  
Antonio Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Depth Of Knowledge ◽  
Genus Fusarium

Fusarium is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world and arguably the world's most important mycotoxin-producing genus. Fusarium species produce a staggering array of toxic metabolites that contribute to plant disease and mycotoxicoses in humans and other animals. A thorough understanding of the mycotoxin potential of individual species is crucial for assessing the toxicological risks associated with Fusarium diseases. There are thousands of reports of mycotoxin production by various species, and there have been numerous attempts to summarize them. These efforts have been complicated by competing classification systems based on morphology, sexual compatibility, and phylogenetic relationships. The current depth of knowledge of Fusarium genomes and mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways provides insights into how mycotoxin production is distributed among species and multispecies lineages (species complexes) in the genus as well as opportunities to clarify and predict mycotoxin risks connected with known and newly described species. Here, we summarize mycotoxin production in the genus Fusarium and how mycotoxin risk aligns with current phylogenetic species concepts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Educational needs of practice nurses in mental health

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Prince ◽  
Katherine Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Mental Health Concerns

INTRODUCTION: Large numbers of patients see practice nurses (PNs) daily for their health care. Many of these patients will have a mental health need. International research suggests that practice nurses are undertaking mental health assessment and interventions without the requisite skills and knowledge. AIM: To describe the needs of PNs in mental health education and to explore any involvement with patients with mental health concerns. METHODS: Postal survey of PNs in Hawkes Bay and Tairawhiti regions. Analysis was by descriptive, correlation and inferential statistics and content analysis for open questions. RESULTS: Fifty-two respondents completed the survey (response rate 36%) and the results demonstrate that these PNs are caring for patients with an extensive range of mental health concerns daily. Most common are people with depression and anxiety. The nurses perform a variety of mental health interventions such as counselling and advice on medication and have minimal confidence in their skill level. Their expressed learning needs included education on many mental health conditions including suicidal ideation, all types of depression and bipolar disorder, and of therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy and family therapy. DISCUSSION: PNs require education and support specifically designed to meet their identified needs in mental health to help improve care to patients. This will require collaboration between secondary mental health services, primary mental health nurses and tertiary institutions. With targeted education these nurses should become more confident and competent in their dealings with people who present to their practice with a mental health concern. KEYWORDS: Education; mental health; practice nurse; survey; primary health care

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