scholarly journals Computational Psychiatry Needs Time and Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Hitchcock ◽  
Eiko I. Fried ◽  
Michael J. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Computational Psychiatry ◽  
State Variation ◽  
New Generation

Why has computational psychiatry yet to influence routine clinical practice? One reason may be that it has neglected context and temporal dynamics in the models of certain mental health problems. We develop three heuristics for estimating whether time and context are important to a mental health problem: Is it characterized by a core neurobiological mechanism? Does it follow a straightforward natural trajectory? And is intentional mental content peripheral to the problem? For many problems the answers are no, suggesting that modeling time and context is critical. We review computational psychiatry advances toward this end, including modeling state variation, using domain-specific stimuli, and interpreting differences in context. We discuss complementary network and complex systems approaches. Novel methods and unification with adjacent fields may inspire a new generation of computational psychiatry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Computational Psychiatry Needs Time and Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hitchcock ◽  
Eiko I Fried ◽  
Michael Frank
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Computational Psychiatry ◽  
State Variation ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Model Context

Even the most ardent proponents of computational psychiatry admit that the field is far from influencing routine clinical practice. We propose one reason for this is that the field has had difficulty recognizing the variability among mental health problems—and the resulting need to model context and temporal dynamics for many problems. We develop three heuristics for estimating whether time and context are important to a mental health problem. Is it characterized by a core neurobiological mechanism? Does it follow a straightforward natural trajectory? And is intentional mental content peripheral to the problem? For many problems the answers are no, suggesting modeling time and context is critical. We review computational psychiatry advances toward this end, including modeling state variation, using domain-specific stimuli, and interpreting differences in context. We discuss complementary network and complex systems approaches. Novel methods and unification with adjacent fields may inspire a new generation of computational psychiatry

Conduct Disorders and Empathy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Emily C. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Empathy Development

Childhood conduct disorders, a serious mental health concern, put children at risk for significant mental health problems throughout development. Elevations on callous-unemotional (CU) traits designate a subgroup of youth with conduct disorders who have unique causal processes underlying their problem behavior and are at a particularly high risk for serious impairment relative to others with these disorders. As a result, these traits have recently been integrated into major diagnostic classification systems for conduct disorders. Given that CU traits are partly defined by deficits in empathy, we review research on empathy development in typically developing children and use this research to ( a) advance theories on the specific emotional deficits that may be associated with CU traits, ( b) explain the severe pattern of aggressive behavior displayed by children with elevated CU traits, and ( c) suggest possible ways to enhance prevention and treatment for children with conduct disorders and elevated CU traits. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 7, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Gillan ◽  
Robb B. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Smartphone Sensors ◽  
Rich Data

Improvements in understanding the neurobiological basis of mental illness have unfortunately not translated into major advances in treatment. At this point, it is clear that psychiatric disorders are exceedingly complex and that, in order to account for and leverage this complexity, we need to collect longitudinal datasets from much larger and more diverse samples than is practical using traditional methods. We discuss how smartphone-based research methods have the potential to dramatically advance our understanding of the neuroscience of mental health. This, we expect, will take the form of complementing lab-based hard neuroscience research with dense sampling of cognitive tests, clinical questionnaires, passive data from smartphone sensors, and experience-sampling data as people go about their daily lives. Theory- and data-driven approaches can help make sense of these rich data sets, and the combination of computational tools and the big data that smartphones make possible has great potential value for researchers wishing to understand how aspects of brain function give rise to, or emerge from, states of mental health and illness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Patient acceptance and outcome of mental health screening in Swedish adults with cystic fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1579-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stina Järvholm ◽  
Petrea Ericson ◽  
Marita Gilljam
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Patient Acceptance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Annual Screening

Abstract Purpose Anxiety and depression are common among adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and the International Committee on Mental Health in CF (ICMH) recommends annual screening for mental health problems. We implemented screening according to the recently published guidelines and assessed the results from the first year, as well as the patients’ attitude to annual screening Methods Adult patients attending Gothenburg CF-center from Feb 2015 to Dec 2016 completed the GAD-7 (anxiety) and PHQ-9 (depression) forms at the time of their annual review. In addition, questions regarding the screening process and instruments used were asked. Results All invited patients (n = 100, 52% males, 2% lung transplanted), with a median age of 28 years (range 18–65), agreed to participate. In general (83%), the patients were positive to screening on an annual basis. No significant differences in total GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores were found when comparing men and women. Patients younger than 30 years of age reported more symptoms of anxiety compared to older patients (p = 0.02). There were 21 (21%) patients with scores > 10 for GAD-7 and/or PHQ-9 indicating at least moderate anxiety or depression. Scores > 10 were reported by 15 patients on GAD-7, 15 patients on PHQ-9, and 9 patients reported scores above 10 on both measures. Conclusion The patients considered annual check-ups for mental health issues important. Although the screening results are reassuring, the group is heterogenic and younger individuals should be given extra attention. Follow-up over longer time will provide more robust data.

Clinical Staging for Youth Mental Disorders: Progress in Reforming Diagnosis and Clinical Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. McGorry ◽  
Cristina Mei
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Illness Progression ◽  
Selection Of

Current silo-based diagnostic systems for mental disorders lack utility and fail to fulfil a fundamental purpose of diagnosis: to guide treatment planning and predict outcomes. Diagnostic reform has gained momentum, and clinical staging has emerged as a promising framework to improve the precision of diagnosis, particularly in early illness stages, and fill current gaps in linking diagnosis to more personalized and effective intervention, prognosis, and neurobiological markers. Transdiagnostic clinical staging recognizes that the early development of mental ill-health is marked by substantial fluidity and that symptoms may, although not inevitably, evolve into more stable diagnosable syndromes. Staging facilitates the selection of interventions that are proportionate to the current need and risk of illness progression and provides an efficient framework to organize biomarker data and guide service delivery. Here, we provide an overview of transdiagnostic clinical staging and summarize key evidence supporting its ability to integrate biomarkers and guide mental health care. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Chen ◽  
Gene H. Brody ◽  
Gregory E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Set Up

Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Reducing the cost of mental health problems at work – what can companies do?

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Piers Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The number of companies reporting mental health problems among staff is increasing. The author argues that initiatives to help staff cope with these difficulties are too late and that it is the duty of organizations to develop a workplace culture and environment where people can be motivated but calm and that other benefits will also flow from this. Design/methodology/approach The paper reports findings from the CIPD, HSE and NHS as background to a discussion of how auditing unmet human needs might be expected to improve mental health at work. Findings The paper suggests that a relatively simple and inexpensive approach could change the landscape of human emotion at work and that the process would embed a new culture of understanding and coaching in management. Research limitations/implications The conclusions would not necessarily extend to repetitive manufacturing processes and implementation would be difficult in organizations wedded to early twentieth century “scientific” management principles. Practical implications The paper has implications for organizations operating in the “knowledge” economy where the management has an interest in developing and retaining a happy and energized staff. Social implications The paper has implications for people whose lives are affected by stress generated by the working environment and culture. Originality/value This paper fits two identified needs: to suggest better ways of supporting staff who might develop mental health problems at work and to suggest a framework that will fill the gap left by the approaching demise of the annual review or appraisal process.

scholarly journals An era of digital slavery: a study on internet addiction among professional college students of Hassan, Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2977
Author(s):  
Subhashini K. J. ◽  
Praveen G.
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
College Students ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Issue Knowledge ◽  
New Generation

Background: The spectacular growth of technology has made Internet use, the most popular recreational and academic activity for the college students. With the rise of new-generation gadgets, the risk of “internet addiction” is a significant issue of concern. Internet addiction leads to social and psychological problems such as depression, loneliness, low self-esteem and life satisfaction and other mental health problems and a greater impact on their academics. The objective of the study was to determine the association between internet addiction and depression and to know the effect of gender on internet addiction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on the professional course students from Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences (Government Medical College) and Government Engineering College. A total of 300 students were assessed for internet addiction using Young’s internet addiction test and depression was assessed using Beck’s depression inventory-II.Results: Out of the 300 professional college students, 173 (57.7%) were found to be internet addicted and 67 (38.7%) among them were found to be depressed and a statistically significant association (p<0.05, OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.02–6.39) was found. Males were found to be more addicted than females and it was statistical significant.Conclusions: Internet Addiction is common among the college students and adequate steps have to be taken to prevent the students from falling into addiction which is considered as a mental health issue. Knowledge regarding the safe use of internet has to be provided to students. 

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Quantitative Nosology Based on Consensus of Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Kotov ◽  
Robert F. Krueger ◽  
David Watson ◽  
David C. Cicero ◽  
Christopher C. Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Ongoing Development

Traditional diagnostic systems went beyond empirical evidence on the structure of mental health. Consequently, these diagnoses do not depict psychopathology accurately, and their validity in research and utility in clinical practice are therefore limited. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium proposed a model based on structural evidence. It addresses problems of diagnostic heterogeneity, comorbidity, and unreliability. We review the HiTOP model, supporting evidence, and conceptualization of psychopathology in this hierarchical dimensional framework. The system is not yet comprehensive, and we describe the processes for improving and expanding it. We summarize data on the ability of HiTOP to predict and explain etiology (genetic, environmental, and neurobiological), risk factors, outcomes, and treatment response. We describe progress in the development of HiTOP-based measures and in clinical implementation of the system. Finally, we review outstanding challenges and the research agenda. HiTOP is of practical utility already, and its ongoing development will produce a transformative map of psychopathology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Attentional Bias Dynamics and Posttraumatic Stress in Survivors of Violent Conflict and Atrocities

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Yuval ◽  
Ariel Zvielli ◽  
Amit Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Behavioral Avoidance ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Exposure To Trauma

Survivors of violent conflict and atrocities, forcibly displaced persons (FDPs) are at risk for trauma-related mental health problems. Experimental clinical research key to the development of interventions tailored to FDPs is limited. We examined relations among attentional bias (AB) to trauma cues, posttraumatic stress symptom (PTS) severity, and behavioral avoidance of exposure to trauma-related stimuli. A total of 110 Sudanese male asylum seekers (age M = 32.7, SD = 6.5) were recruited from the community in Israel. AB temporal dynamics significantly predicted levels of PTS as well as behavioral avoidance of exposure to trauma stimuli specifically. No effects were observed when AB was quantified traditionally as an aggregated mean representing a static trait. Findings demonstrate the potential role of AB dynamics in PTS among FDPs, help disambiguate extant mixed findings between AB and PTS, and suggest that cognitive bias modification targeting AB dynamics may be a promising new direction for FDP mental health research.

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