Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Gillan ◽  
Robb B. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Smartphone Sensors ◽  
Rich Data

Improvements in understanding the neurobiological basis of mental illness have unfortunately not translated into major advances in treatment. At this point, it is clear that psychiatric disorders are exceedingly complex and that, in order to account for and leverage this complexity, we need to collect longitudinal datasets from much larger and more diverse samples than is practical using traditional methods. We discuss how smartphone-based research methods have the potential to dramatically advance our understanding of the neuroscience of mental health. This, we expect, will take the form of complementing lab-based hard neuroscience research with dense sampling of cognitive tests, clinical questionnaires, passive data from smartphone sensors, and experience-sampling data as people go about their daily lives. Theory- and data-driven approaches can help make sense of these rich data sets, and the combination of computational tools and the big data that smartphones make possible has great potential value for researchers wishing to understand how aspects of brain function give rise to, or emerge from, states of mental health and illness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Biotic and Abiotic Controls on the Phanerozoic History of Marine Animal Biodiversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Bush ◽  
Jonathan L. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Positive Feedbacks ◽  
Abiotic Controls ◽  
Time Changes

During the past 541 million years, marine animals underwent three intervals of diversification (early Cambrian, Ordovician, Cretaceous–Cenozoic) separated by nondirectional fluctuation, suggesting diversity-dependent dynamics with the equilibrium diversity shifting through time. Changes in factors such as shallow-marine habitat area and climate appear to have modulated the nondirectional fluctuations. Directional increases in diversity are best explained by evolutionary innovations in marine animals and primary producers coupled with stepwise increases in the availability of food and oxygen. Increasing intensity of biotic interactions such as predation and disturbance may have led to positive feedbacks on diversification as ecosystems became more complex. Important areas for further research include improving the geographic coverage and temporal resolution of paleontological data sets, as well as deepening our understanding of Earth system evolution and the physiological and ecological traits that modulated organismal responses to environmental change. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Synthetic Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trivellore E. Raghunathan
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Inferential Justification ◽  
Widespread Access ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality

Demand for access to data, especially data collected using public funds, is ever growing. At the same time, concerns about the disclosure of the identities of and sensitive information about the respondents providing the data are making the data collectors limit the access to data. Synthetic data sets, generated to emulate certain key information found in the actual data and provide the ability to draw valid statistical inferences, are an attractive framework to afford widespread access to data for analysis while mitigating privacy and confidentiality concerns. The goal of this article is to provide a review of various approaches for generating and analyzing synthetic data sets, inferential justification, limitations of the approaches, and directions for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 8 is March 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Computational Psychiatry Needs Time and Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Hitchcock ◽  
Eiko I. Fried ◽  
Michael J. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Computational Psychiatry ◽  
State Variation ◽  
New Generation

Why has computational psychiatry yet to influence routine clinical practice? One reason may be that it has neglected context and temporal dynamics in the models of certain mental health problems. We develop three heuristics for estimating whether time and context are important to a mental health problem: Is it characterized by a core neurobiological mechanism? Does it follow a straightforward natural trajectory? And is intentional mental content peripheral to the problem? For many problems the answers are no, suggesting that modeling time and context is critical. We review computational psychiatry advances toward this end, including modeling state variation, using domain-specific stimuli, and interpreting differences in context. We discuss complementary network and complex systems approaches. Novel methods and unification with adjacent fields may inspire a new generation of computational psychiatry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Deciphering Temperature Seasonality in Earth's Ancient Oceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Ivany ◽  
Emily J. Judd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Proxy Data ◽  
Seamless Integration ◽  
Seasonal Data

Ongoing global warming due to anthropogenic climate change has long been recognized, yet uncertainties regarding how seasonal extremes will change in the future persist. Paleoseasonal proxy data from intervals when global climate differed from today can help constrain how and why the annual temperature cycle has varied through space and time. Records of past seasonal variation in marine temperatures are available in the oxygen isotope values of serially sampled accretionary organisms. The most useful data sets come from carefully designed and computationally robust studies that enable characterization of paleoseasonal parameters and seamless integration with mean annual temperature data sets and climate models. Seasonal data sharpen interpretations of—and quantify overlooked or unconstrained seasonal biases in—the more voluminous mean temperature data and aid in the evaluation of climate model performance. Methodologies to rigorously analyze seasonal data are now available, and the promise of paleoseasonal proxy data for the next generation of paleoclimate research is significant. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Clinical Staging for Youth Mental Disorders: Progress in Reforming Diagnosis and Clinical Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. McGorry ◽  
Cristina Mei
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Illness Progression ◽  
Selection Of

Current silo-based diagnostic systems for mental disorders lack utility and fail to fulfil a fundamental purpose of diagnosis: to guide treatment planning and predict outcomes. Diagnostic reform has gained momentum, and clinical staging has emerged as a promising framework to improve the precision of diagnosis, particularly in early illness stages, and fill current gaps in linking diagnosis to more personalized and effective intervention, prognosis, and neurobiological markers. Transdiagnostic clinical staging recognizes that the early development of mental ill-health is marked by substantial fluidity and that symptoms may, although not inevitably, evolve into more stable diagnosable syndromes. Staging facilitates the selection of interventions that are proportionate to the current need and risk of illness progression and provides an efficient framework to organize biomarker data and guide service delivery. Here, we provide an overview of transdiagnostic clinical staging and summarize key evidence supporting its ability to integrate biomarkers and guide mental health care. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 3 is December 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Chen ◽  
Gene H. Brody ◽  
Gregory E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Set Up

Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Current Status of and Perspectives on the Application of Marmosets in Neurobiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Okano
Keyword(s):  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Common

The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Society of Algorithms

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Burrell ◽  
Marion Fourcade
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Mathematical Optimization ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Technical Control

The pairing of massive data sets with processes—or algorithms—written in computer code to sort through, organize, extract, or mine them has made inroads in almost every major social institution. This article proposes a reading of the scholarly literature concerned with the social implications of this transformation. First, we discuss the rise of a new occupational class, which we call the coding elite. This group has consolidated power through their technical control over the digital means of production and by extracting labor from a newly marginalized or unpaid workforce, the cybertariat. Second, we show that the implementation of techniques of mathematical optimization across domains as varied as education, medicine, credit and finance, and criminal justice has intensified the dominance of actuarial logics of decision-making, potentially transforming pathways to social reproduction and mobility but also generating a pushback by those so governed. Third, we explore how the same pervasive algorithmic intermediation in digital communication is transforming the way people interact, associate, and think. We conclude by cautioning against the wildest promises of artificial intelligence but acknowledging the increasingly tight coupling between algorithmic processes, social structures, and subjectivities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Neurocomputational Models of Language Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Hale ◽  
Luca Campanelli ◽  
Jixing Li ◽  
Shohini Bhattasali ◽  
Christophe Pallier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Interpretable Models ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Efforts to understand the brain bases of language face the Mapping Problem: At what level do linguistic computations and representations connect to human neurobiology? We review one approach to this problem that relies on rigorously defined computational models to specify the links between linguistic features and neural signals. Such tools can be used to estimate linguistic predictions, model linguistic features, and specify a sequence of processing steps that may be quantitatively fit to neural signals collected while participants use language. Progress has been helped by advances in machine learning, attention to linguistically interpretable models, and openly shared data sets that allow researchers to compare and contrast a variety of models. We describe one such data set in detail in the Supplementary Appendix. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 8 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Toward an Integrative Geological and Geophysical View of Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A.L. Walton ◽  
Lydia M. Staisch ◽  
Tina Dura ◽  
Jessie K. Pearl ◽  
Brian Sherrod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cascadia Subduction Zone ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Megathrust Earthquake ◽  
Megathrust Earthquakes ◽  
National Boundaries

The Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) is an exceptional geologic environment for recording evidence of land-level changes, tsunamis, and ground motion that reveals at least 19 great megathrust earthquakes over the past 10 kyr. Such earthquakes are among the most impactful natural hazards on Earth, transcend national boundaries, and can have global impact. Reducing the societal impacts of future events in the US Pacific Northwest and coastal British Columbia, Canada, requires improved scientific understanding of megathrust earthquake rupture, recurrence, and corresponding hazards. Despite substantial knowledge gained from decades of research, large uncertainties remain about the characteristics and frequencies of past CSZ earthquakes. In this review, we summarize geological, geophysical, and instrumental evidence relevant to understanding megathrust earthquakes along the CSZ and associated uncertainties. We discuss how the evidence constrains various models of great megathrust earthquake recurrence in Cascadia and identify potential paths forward for the earthquake science community. ▪ Despite outstanding geologic records of past megathrust events, large uncertainty of the magnitude and frequency of CSZ earthquakes remains. ▪ This review outlines current knowledge and promising future directions to address outstanding questions on CSZ rupture characteristics and recurrence. ▪ Integration of diverse data sets with attention to the geologic processes that create different records has potential to lead to major progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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