Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
Robert H. Proctor ◽  
Antonio Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Depth Of Knowledge ◽  
Genus Fusarium

Fusarium is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world and arguably the world's most important mycotoxin-producing genus. Fusarium species produce a staggering array of toxic metabolites that contribute to plant disease and mycotoxicoses in humans and other animals. A thorough understanding of the mycotoxin potential of individual species is crucial for assessing the toxicological risks associated with Fusarium diseases. There are thousands of reports of mycotoxin production by various species, and there have been numerous attempts to summarize them. These efforts have been complicated by competing classification systems based on morphology, sexual compatibility, and phylogenetic relationships. The current depth of knowledge of Fusarium genomes and mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways provides insights into how mycotoxin production is distributed among species and multispecies lineages (species complexes) in the genus as well as opportunities to clarify and predict mycotoxin risks connected with known and newly described species. Here, we summarize mycotoxin production in the genus Fusarium and how mycotoxin risk aligns with current phylogenetic species concepts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Long Noncoding RNAs and Human Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna K. DiStefano ◽  
Glenn S. Gerhard
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Number Of Publications

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Causative Microbes in Host-Microbiome Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham J. Britton ◽  
Jeremiah J. Faith
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Despite identification of numerous associations between microbiomes and diseases, the complexity of the human microbiome has hindered identification of individual species and strains that are causative in host phenotype or disease. Uncovering causative microbes is vital to fully understand disease processes and to harness the potential therapeutic benefits of microbiota manipulation. Developments in sequencing technology, animal models, and bacterial culturing have facilitated the discovery of specific microbes that impact the host and are beginning to advance the characterization of host-microbiome interaction mechanisms. We summarize the historical and contemporary experimental approaches taken to uncover microbes from the microbiota that affect host biology and describe examples of commensals that have specific effects on the immune system, inflammation, and metabolism. There is still much to learn, and we lay out challenges faced by the field and suggest potential remedies for common pitfalls encountered in the hunt for causative commensal microbes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals RNA Silencing of Mycotoxin Production in Aspergillus and Fusarium Species

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tami McDonald ◽  
Daren Brown ◽  
Nancy P. Keller ◽  
Thomas M. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Harmful Effects

Mycotoxins are natural fungal products that are defined by their harmful effects on humans and animals. Aflatoxin contamination of maize by Aspergillus species and trichothecene contamination of small grains by Fusarium species are two of the most severe mycotoxin problems in the United States. We are investigating RNA silencing in an effort to identify novel ways to control mycotoxin contamination of crops. Transformation of two Aspergilli (A. flavus and A. parasiticus) and a Fusarium (F. graminearum) with inverted repeat transgenes (IRT) containing sequences of mycotoxin-specific regulatory genes suppressed mycotoxin production in all three plant-pathogenic fungi. This atoxigenic phenotype was stable during infection on corn and wheat, and importantly, F. graminearum IRT strains were less virulent on wheat than were wild type. The IRT did not alter physiological characteristics of the fungi, such as spore production and growth rate on solid media. These results indicate that RNA silencing exists in Aspergillus and Fusarium plant pathogens and suggest that RNA silencing technology may be a useful tool for eliminating mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products.

Immunity to Invasive Fungal Diseases

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Invasive Fungal Diseases

Invasive fungal diseases are rare in individuals with intact immunity. This, together with the fact that there are only a few species that account for most mycotic diseases, implies a remarkable natural resistance to pathogenic fungi. Mammalian immunity to fungi rests on two pillars, powerful immune mechanisms and elevated temperatures that create a thermal restriction zone for most fungal species. Conditions associated with increased susceptibility generally reflect major disturbances of immune function involving both the cellular and humoral innate and adaptive arms, which implies considerable redundancy in host defense mechanisms against fungi. In general, tissue fungal invasion is controlled through either neutrophil or granulomatous inflammation, depending on the fungal species. Neutrophils are critical against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. while macrophages are essential for controlling mycoses due to Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma spp., and other fungi. The increasing number of immunocompromised patients together with climate change could significantly increase the prevalence of fungal diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Identification of pathogenic fungi in garlic bulbs during storage and in the root zone during plant growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
M. A. Filyushin ◽  
O. A. Danilova ◽  
T. M. Seredin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Relevance and methods. Losses of agricultural crops are associated not only with the development of diseases during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the defeat of garlic by Fusarium occurs annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different species of Fusarium. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars Dubkovsky and Strelets were taken from the FSVC storage.Results. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1α, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1αgene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found in the root zone of garlic cultivars.

scholarly journals Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Librado ◽  
Ludovic Orlando
Keyword(s):  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The One

The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations. In recent years, genomic technologies have provided new analytical solutions that have enhanced our understanding of equine evolution, including the species radiation within Equus; the extinction dynamics of several lineages; and the domestication history of two individual species, the horse and the donkey. Here, we provide an overview of these recent developments and suggest areas for further research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wende Liu ◽  
Lindsay Triplett ◽  
Xiao-Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Infection Processes

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen–plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Fusarium species, their taxonomy, variability and significance in plant pathology – a review

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zemánková ◽  
A. Lebeda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Recent Classification

Fusarium Link (1809) is an anamorph genus with worldwide distribution and a remarkable degree of biodiversity. Its species are common in soil and have been found on a very wide range of vascular plants. Some specialized species are parasitic on other fungi and or insects. In the system of fungi the genus Fusarium is classified in the class Hyphomycetes which belongs to the Deuteromycotina. Teleomorphs have been placed in the genera Nectria and Gibberella, order Hypocreales (Ascomycetes). The taxonomy of the genus Fusarium is not settled and the number of species and sections varies. A few recent classification systems of this genus exist. Fusarium spp. have mostly been studied in the context of their ability to cause diseases of many economically important crop plants. Some species produce mycotoxins and other metabolites that can be harmful to humans and livestock. There is a wide variability in pathogenicity, and in many Fusarium spp. various formae speciales (f.sp.) and physiological races are known. In this paper a description of the 14 most important soil and plant pathogenic Fusarium spp. is provided.

Conduct Disorders and Empathy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Emily C. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Empathy Development

Childhood conduct disorders, a serious mental health concern, put children at risk for significant mental health problems throughout development. Elevations on callous-unemotional (CU) traits designate a subgroup of youth with conduct disorders who have unique causal processes underlying their problem behavior and are at a particularly high risk for serious impairment relative to others with these disorders. As a result, these traits have recently been integrated into major diagnostic classification systems for conduct disorders. Given that CU traits are partly defined by deficits in empathy, we review research on empathy development in typically developing children and use this research to ( a) advance theories on the specific emotional deficits that may be associated with CU traits, ( b) explain the severe pattern of aggressive behavior displayed by children with elevated CU traits, and ( c) suggest possible ways to enhance prevention and treatment for children with conduct disorders and elevated CU traits. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 7, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Science and Art of Clinical Genetic Variant Classification and Its Impact on Test Accuracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter H. Giles ◽  
Madhuri R. Hegde ◽  
Elaine Lyon ◽  
Christine M. Stanley ◽  
Iain D. Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Clinical Genetics ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Variant Classification ◽  
Clinical Genetic ◽  
Science And Art

Clinical genetic variant classification science is a growing subspecialty of clinical genetics and genomics. The field's continued improvement is essential for the success of precision medicine in both germline (hereditary) and somatic (oncology) contexts. This review focuses on variant classification for DNA next-generation sequencing tests. We first summarize current limitations in variant discovery and definition, and then describe the current five- and four-tier classification systems outlined in dominant standards and guideline publications for germline and somatic tests, respectively. We then discuss measures of variant classification discordance and the field's bias for positive results, as well as considerations for panel size and population screening in the context of estimates of positive predictive value that incorporate estimated variant classification imperfections. Finally, we share opinions on the current state of variant classification from some of the authors of the most widely used standards and guideline publications and from other domain experts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics Volume 22 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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