scholarly journals Richardson in the Information Age: Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Data in International Studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 461-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch ◽  
Nils B. Weidmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
International Studies

Politics of Scale and Networks of Association in Public Participation GIS

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Ghose
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Politics Of Scale

The public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) research agenda has explored the issue of equitable access and use of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial data among traditionally marginalized citizens, in order to facilitate effective citizen participation in inner-city revitalization activities. However, prior research indicates that PPGIS is a complex process, with uneven outcomes. The author contends that such unevenness can be explained by use of a new theoretical framework drawn from the literature of politics of scale and networks. The author contends that the PPGIS process occurs in ‘spaces of dependence’, containing localized social relations and place-specific conditions. The politics of securing this space leads to the creation of ‘spaces of engagement’ at multiple scales. Within these spaces, networks of association evolve to connect multiple actors from public and private sectors with community organizations. Such networks can contain structural inequities, hierarchical dominance, and fluctuating resources. But these networks also transcend political boundaries and are dynamic and flexible, enabling individuals to manipulate and modify them. In trying to control the revitalization agendas and the material resources required, the actors and community organizations construct politics of scale. For some community organizations, such scalar politics and creative alliances with critical actors allow them to navigate territorially scaled networks of power skillfully in order to gain an effective voice in decisionmaking activities. But other community organizations lag behind, and are not able to form relationships in order to secure their urban space. By the use of new empirical data, coupled with a new theoretical framework, the author aims to contribute both to greater theorization and to better understanding of the uneven and contradictory nature of PPGIS processes.

scholarly journals Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Urban Planning

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Sonila Xhafa ◽  
Albana Kosovrasti
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Centers

Geographic information systems can be defined as a intelligent tool, to which it relates techniques for the implementation of processes such as the introduction, recording, storage, handling, processing and generation of spatial data. Use of GIS in urban planning helps and guides planners for an orderly development of settlements and infrastructure facilities within and outside urban areas. Continued growth of the population in urban centers generates the need for expansion of urban space, for its planning in terms of physical and social infrastructures in the service of the community, based on the principles of sustainable development. In addition urbanization is accompanied with numerous structural transformations and functional cities, which should be evaluated in spatial context, to be managed and planned according to the principles of sustainable development. Urban planning connects directly with land use and design of the urban environment, including physical and social infrastructure in service of the urban community, constituting a challenge to global levels. Use of GIS in this field is a different approach regarding the space, its development and design, analysis and modeling of various processes occurring in it, as well as interconnections between these processes or developments in space.

scholarly journals Simple rules for an efficient use of Geographic Information Systems in molecular ecology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Leempoel ◽  
Solange Duruz ◽  
Estelle Rochat ◽  
Ivo Widmer ◽  
Pablo Orozco-terWengel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Open Source Gis

AbstractGeographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming increasingly popular in the context of molecular ecology and conservation biology thanks to their display options efficiency, flexibility and management of geodata. Indeed, spatial data for wildlife and livestock species is becoming a trend with many researchers publishing genomic data that is specifically suitable for landscape studies. GIS uniquely reveal the possibility to overlay genetic information with environmental data and, as such, allow us to locate and analyze genetic boundaries of various plant and animal species or to study gene-environment associations (GEA). This means that, using GIS, we can potentially identify the genetic bases of species adaptation to particular geographic conditions or to climate change. However, many biologists are not familiar with the use of GIS and underlying concepts and thus experience difficulties in finding relevant information and instructions on how to use them. In this paper, we illustrate the power of free and open source GIS approaches and provide essential information for their successful application in molecular ecology. First, we introduce key concepts related to GIS than are too often overlooked in the literature, for example coordinate systems, GPS accuracy and scale. We then provide an overview of the most employed open-source GIS-related software, file formats and refer to major environmental databases. We also reconsider sampling strategies as high costs of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data currently diminish the number of samples that can be sequenced per location. Thereafter, we detail methods of data exploration and spatial statistics suited for the analysis of large genetic datasets. Finally, we provide suggestions to properly edit maps and to make them as comprehensive as possible, either manually or trough programming languages.

Urban Environmental Applications of GIScience

2013 ◽  
pp. 602-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buket Ayşegul Ozbakir
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Geographical Data ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Information Research ◽  
Computer Based

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems used to store and manipulate geographical data, and perform spatial analysis. These systems serve to reveal the patterns, relationships, and anomalies, or sometimes invisible characteristics of the geographical data in various applications. While the term “GIS” indicates an object or tool, GIScience, the acronym for Geographic Information Science, covers a broader context of methodologies behind spatial data analysis. Among different application areas of GIS, “environmental monitoring and modeling” plays a significant role in the development of the very first GIS in the world-The Canada Geographic Information Systems (CGIS) in the mid-1960s. After almost 40 years of history, significant changes and challenges took place in the geographic information research agenda. This chapter will point out some of the vital tools and methods used in GIScience (including GIS, remote sensing and 3D modeling) to grasp issues of our urban environments. With recent technological advances that facilitate our understanding of the environment; it is more evident that the vision of more “livable” cities is not too far but not easy as well.

A Survey of Spatial Data Mining Methods Databases and Statistics Point of Views

2011 ◽  
pp. 229-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Zeitouni
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Statistics ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Databases ◽  
Spatial Data Mining ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Mining Methods

This chapter reviews the data mining methods that are combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for carrying out spatial analysis of geographic data. We will first look at data mining functions as applied to such data and then highlight their specificity compared with their application to classical data. We will go on to describe the research that is currently going on in this area, pointing out that there are two approaches: the first comes from learning on spatial databases, while the second is based on spatial statistics. We will conclude by discussing the main differences between these two approaches and the elements they have in common.

Untangling origin-destination flows in geographic information systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Graser ◽  
Johanna Schmidt ◽  
Florian Roth ◽  
Norbert Brändle
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Flow Maps ◽  
Local Strength ◽  
Edge Bundling

Origin–destination flow maps are a popular option to visualize connections between different spatial locations, where specific routes between the origin and destination are unknown or irrelevant. Visualizing origin–destination flows is challenging mainly due to visual clutter which appears quickly as data sets grow. Clutter reduction techniques are intensively explored in the information visualization and cartography domains. However, current automatic techniques for origin–destination flow visualization, such as edge bundling, are not available in geographic information systems which are widely used to visualize spatial data, such as origin–destination flows. In this article, we explore the applicability of edge bundling to spatial data sets and necessary adaptations under the constraints inherent to platform-independent geographic information system scripting environments. We propose (1) a new clustering technique for origin–destination flows that provides within-cluster consistency to speed up computations, (2) an edge bundling approach based on force-directed edge bundling employing matrix computations, (3) a new technique to determine the local strength of a bundle leveraging spatial indexes, and (4) a geographic information system–based technique to spatially offset bundles describing different flow directions. Finally, we evaluate our method by applying it to origin–destination flow data sets with a wide variety of different data characteristics.

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