The Role of Viruses in the Phytobiome

Viruses are an important but sequence-diverse and often understudied component of the phytobiome. We succinctly review current information on how plant viruses directly affect plant health and physiology and consequently have the capacity to modulate plant interactions with their biotic and abiotic environments. Virus interactions with other biota in the phytobiome, including arthropods, fungi, and nematodes, may also impact plant health. For example, viruses interact with and modulate the interface between plants and insects. This has been extensively studied for insect-vectored plant viruses, some of which also infect their vectors. Other viruses have been shown to alter the impacts of plant-interacting phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi and bacteria. Viruses that infect nematodes have also recently been discovered, but the impact of these and phage infecting soil bacteria on plant health remain largely unexplored.

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HYPOXIA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: The presence and role of hypoxia in the endometrium

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-20-0268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 161 (1) ◽

pp. F1-F17

Author(s):

Rocío Martínez-Aguilar ◽

Lucy E Kershaw ◽

Jane J Reavey ◽

Hilary O D Critchley ◽

Jacqueline A Maybin

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽

Future Research ◽

Hypoxic Episode ◽

Optimal Function ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

The Impact ◽

Review Current

The endometrium is a multicellular tissue that is exquisitely responsive to the ovarian hormones. The local mechanisms of endometrial regulation to ensure optimal function are less well characterised. Transient physiological hypoxia has been proposed as a critical regulator of endometrial function. Herein, we review the literature on hypoxia in the non-pregnant endometrium. We discuss the pros and cons of animal models, human laboratory studies and novel in vivo imaging for the study of endometrial hypoxia. These research tools provide mounting evidence of a transient hypoxic episode in the menstrual endometrium and suggest that endometrial hypoxia may be present at the time of implantation. This local hypoxia may modify the inflammatory environment, influence vascular remodelling and modulate endometrial proliferation to optimise endometrial function. Finally, we review current knowledge of the impact of this hypoxia on endometrial pathologies, with a focus on abnormal uterine bleeding. Throughout the manuscript areas for future research are highlighted with the aim of concentrating research efforts to maximise future benefits for women and society.

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Autophagy in Plant-Virus Interactions

Annual Review of Virology ◽

10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-054709 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 403-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Meng Yang ◽

Asigul Ismayil ◽

Yule Liu

Keyword(s):

Plant Virus ◽

Defense Mechanism ◽

Degradation Pathway ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Antiviral Defense ◽

Autophagy Pathway ◽

Virus Interactions ◽

Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽

Cellular Components

Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.

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Root volatiles in plant-plant interactions I: Characterization of root sesquiterpene emissions from Centaurea stoebe and their effects on other plants

10.1101/441717 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Valentin Gfeller ◽

Meret Huber ◽

Christiane Förster ◽

Wei Huang ◽

Tobias G. Köllner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spotted Knapweed ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Centaurea Stoebe ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Root Volatiles ◽

The Impact ◽

Germination And Growth ◽

Plant Plant

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant leaves can influence the physiology of neighboring plants. In contrast to interactions above ground, little is known about the role of VOCs in belowground plant-plant interactions. Here, we characterize constitutive root volatile emissions of the spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and explore the impact of these volatiles on the germination and growth of different sympatric plant species. We show that C. stoebe roots emit high amounts of sesquiterpenes, with estimated release rates of (E)-β-caryophyllene above 3 μg g−1 dw h−1. Sesquiterpene emissions show little variation between different C. stoebe populations, but vary substantially between different Centaurea species. Through root transcriptome sequencing, we identify six root-expressed sesquiterpene synthases (TPSs). Two root-specific TPSs, CsTPS4 and CsTPS5, are sufficient to produce the full blend of emitted root sesquiterpenes. Volatile exposure experiments demonstrate that C. stoebe root volatiles have neutral to positive effects on the germination and growth of different sympatric neighbors. Thus, constitutive root sesquiterpenes produced by two C. stoebe TPSs are associated with facilitation of sympatric neighboring plants. The release of root VOCs may thus influence C. stoebe abundance and plant community structure in nature.

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Plant Health Risks Arising by the Soil Exhaustion

Present Environment and Sustainable Development ◽

10.1515/pesd-2016-0036 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 185-194

Author(s):

Gheorghe Jigău ◽

Elena Cernolev ◽

Adriana Acciu

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Sustainable Management ◽

Agricultural Soil ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Plant Health ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Natural Origin ◽

The Impact

Abstract Factors that determinated phytosanitarian chernozems worsening was examined in the space between Prut and Nistru in the global phenomenon of agricultural soil exhaustion. It was established anthropological and natural origin (pedofunctional) phenomenon of studied exhaustion chernozems exhaustion. The main cause of cernozems exhaustion is to reduce the dominant role of the training and accumulation of humus. Through this prism of ideas, soil exhaustion and phytosanitarian worsening is inherent to agricultural system currently practiced. The impact mitigating of this process involves the bioenergy resources sustainable management involved in anthropogenic pedogenesis.

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Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000127 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 311-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Marco Brambilla ◽

David A. Butz

Keyword(s):

Gay Men ◽

Social Group ◽

Welfare Recipients ◽

Intergroup Attitudes ◽

Social Policies ◽

Intergroup Threat ◽

Economic Threat ◽

The Impact ◽

General Climate

Two studies examined the impact of macrolevel symbolic threat on intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 71), participants exposed to a macrosymbolic threat (vs. nonsymbolic threat and neutral topic) reported less support toward social policies concerning gay men, an outgroup whose stereotypes implies a threat to values, but not toward welfare recipients, a social group whose stereotypes do not imply a threat to values. Study 2 (N = 78) showed that, whereas macrolevel symbolic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward gay men, macroeconomic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward Asians, an outgroup whose stereotypes imply an economic threat. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role of a general climate of threat in shaping intergroup attitudes.

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