Autophagy in Plant-Virus Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Yang ◽  
Asigul Ismayil ◽  
Yule Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Cellular Components

Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.

The Role of Viruses in the Phytobiome

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Schoelz ◽  
Lucy R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Review Current

Viruses are an important but sequence-diverse and often understudied component of the phytobiome. We succinctly review current information on how plant viruses directly affect plant health and physiology and consequently have the capacity to modulate plant interactions with their biotic and abiotic environments. Virus interactions with other biota in the phytobiome, including arthropods, fungi, and nematodes, may also impact plant health. For example, viruses interact with and modulate the interface between plants and insects. This has been extensively studied for insect-vectored plant viruses, some of which also infect their vectors. Other viruses have been shown to alter the impacts of plant-interacting phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi and bacteria. Viruses that infect nematodes have also recently been discovered, but the impact of these and phage infecting soil bacteria on plant health remain largely unexplored.

scholarly journals Protective Features of Autophagy in Pulmonary Infection and Inflammatory Diseases

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Wang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Pengju Zhang ◽  
Ping Lin ◽  
Na Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Cellular Stressors

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process involving autolysosomal degradation of cellular components, including protein aggregates, damaged organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and others), as well as various pathogens. Thus, the autophagy pathway represents a major adaptive response for the maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis in response to numerous cellular stressors. A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy is closely associated with diverse human diseases. Specifically, acute lung injury (ALI) and inflammatory responses caused by bacterial infection or xenobiotic inhalation (e.g., chlorine and cigarette smoke) have been reported to involve a spectrum of alterations in autophagy phenotypes. The role of autophagy in pulmonary infection and inflammatory diseases could be protective or harmful dependent on the conditions. In this review, we describe recent advances regarding the protective features of autophagy in pulmonary diseases, with a focus on ALI, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cystic fibrosis.

scholarly journals Metabolic profile discriminates and predicts Arabidopsis susceptibility to virus under field conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rubio ◽  
Olivier Fernandez ◽  
Patrick Cosson ◽  
Thierry Berton ◽  
Mélodie Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Viral Accumulation

SummaryAs obligatory parasites, plant viruses alter host cellular metabolism. There is a lack of information on the variability of virus-induced metabolic responses among genetically diverse plants in a natural context with daily changing conditions. To decipher the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting, one hundred and thirty-two and twenty-six accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in two field experiments over 2 years. The accessions were phenotyped for viral accumulation, above-ground biomass, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiles. The accessions revealed quantitative response to the virus, from susceptibility to resistance. Susceptible accessions accumulate primary and secondary metabolites upon infection, at the cost of hindered growth. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that the primary metabolites sucrose, glucose and glutamate discriminate susceptible and resistant accessions. Twenty-one metabolic signatures were found to significantly accumulate in resistant accessions whereas they maintained their growth at the same level as mock-inoculated plants without biomass penalty.Metabolic content was demonstrated to discriminate and to be highly predictive of the susceptibility of inoculated Arabidopsis. The PLS coefficient estimated in the training data set reveals, after cross-validation, a correlation of 0.61 between predicted and true viral accumulation. This study is the first to describe the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting and its predictive link to susceptibility. It reveals that, in this undomesticated species and in ecologically realistic conditions, growth and resistance are in a permanent conversation and provides new insights on plant-virus interactions.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into the Multifunctional Role of Natural Compounds: Autophagy Modulation and Cancer Prevention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ataur Rahman ◽  
Hasanur Rahman ◽  
Md. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Partha Biswas ◽  
Rokibul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Cellular Autophagy ◽  
Autophagy Pathway

Autophagy is a vacuolar, lysosomal degradation pathway for injured and damaged protein molecules and organelles in eukaryotic cells, which is controlled by nutrients and stress responses. Dysregulation of cellular autophagy may lead to various diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and malignancy. Recently, natural compounds have come to attention for being able to modulate the autophagy pathway in cancer prevention, although the prospective role of autophagy in cancer treatment is very complex and not yet clearly elucidated. Numerous synthetic chemicals have been identified that modulate autophagy and are favorable candidates for cancer treatment, but they have adverse side effects. Therefore, different phytochemicals, which include natural compounds and their derivatives, have attracted significant attention for use as autophagy modulators in cancer treatment with minimal side effects. In the current review, we discuss the promising role of natural compounds in modulating the autophagy pathway to control and prevent cancer, and provide possible therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Evolving Concepts of Glycogen-Selective Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Koutsifeli ◽  
Upasna Varma ◽  
Lorna Daniels ◽  
Marco Annandale ◽  
Xun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Protein Partners ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Autophagy Pathway

Macro-autophagy is an essential cellular process involved in degradation of aberrant organelles and proteins. Initially proposed to be a ‘bulk’ degradation pathway, a more nuanced appreciation of selective autophagy pathways has emerged in recent years. The discovery of a glycogen-selective autophagy pathway (‘glycophagy’) has highlighted the importance of autophagy in regulating cellular metabolic homeostasis and identified a novel non-canonical major pathway of glycogen flux. The field of glycogen autophagy research is at an early evolutionary stage, but already it is clear that the implications of these discoveries are far-reaching and provide scope for multi-disciplinary investigations into the role of glycophagy in health and disease. With potential cognate protein partners identified, the opportunities for targeted intervention have become viable. Here we review the current evidence relating to specific protein mediators involved in glycophagy, and highlight areas of uncertainty that provide opportunity for further investigation.

The Interplay Between Viruses and RNAi Pathways in Insects

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Bryony C. Bonning ◽  
Maria-Carla Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Sirna Pathway

As an overarching immune mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi) displays pathogen specificity and memory via different pathways. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is the primary antiviral defense mechanism against RNA viruses of insects and plays a lesser role in defense against DNA viruses. Reflecting the pivotal role of the siRNA pathway in virus selection, different virus families have independently evolved unique strategies to counter this host response, including protein-mediated, decoy RNA–based, and microRNA-based strategies. In this review, we outline the interplay between insect viruses and the different pathways of the RNAi antiviral response; describe practical application of these interactions for improved expression systems and for pest and disease management; and highlight research avenues for advancement of the field.

scholarly journals Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hančinský ◽  
Daniel Mihálik ◽  
Michaela Mrkvová ◽  
Thierry Candresse ◽  
Miroslav Glasa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ecological Interface ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. In a first part, we analyze various viruses infecting Solanaceae plants across the agro-ecological interface, emphasizing the important role of virus interactions between the cultivated and wild zones as global changes affect these environments on both local and global scales. To cope with these changes, it is necessary to adjust prophylactic protection measures and diagnostic methods. As illustrated in the second part, a complex virus research at the landscape level is necessary to obtain relevant data, which could be overwhelming. Based on evidence from previous studies we conclude that Solanaceae plant communities can be targeted to address complete life cycles of viruses with different life strategies within the agro-ecological interface. Data obtained from such research could then be used to improve plant protection methods by taking into consideration environmental factors that are impacting the life cycles of plant viruses.

scholarly journals The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangqi Fan ◽  
Keke Wu ◽  
Mengpo Zhao ◽  
Erpeng Zhu ◽  
Shengming Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganism ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Cellular Components

Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy, also named as xenophagy. Autophagy receptor NDP52 acts as a ‘bridge’ between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it also plays an important role in the process of selective autophagy. Pathogenic microbial infections cause various diseases in both humans and animals, posing a great threat to public health. Increasing evidence has revealed that autophagy and autophagy receptors are involved in the life cycle of pathogenic microbial infections. The interaction between autophagy receptor and pathogenic microorganism not only affects the replication of these microorganisms in the host cell, but it also affects the host’s immune system. This review aims to discuss the effects of autophagy on pathogenic microbial infection and replication, and summarizes the mechanisms by which autophagy receptors interact with microorganisms. While considering the role of autophagy receptors in microbial infection, NDP52 might be a potential target for developing effective therapies to treat pathogenic microbial infections.

scholarly journals TuMV infection alters miR168/AGO1 and miR403/AGO2 systems regulation in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Manacorda ◽  
Sabrina Tasselli ◽  
María Rosa Marano ◽  
Sebastián Asurmendi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Effect ◽  
Regulatory Loop ◽  
Virus Interactions

AbstractViral infections trigger a strong response of the plant RNA silencing machinery. The cargo protein AGO1 has a well-established role in siRNA loading. Several plant viruses have convergently evolved a molecular counter-attack reliant on inactivation of the AGO1-based plant defense by altering the regulatory loop that comprises miR168 and AGO1. Upon viral infections, another AGO protein, AGO2, is induced. AGO2 is in turn post-transcriptionally regulated by miR403. The simultaneous study of both regulatory systems working along an infection time-frame is lacking. Here it is shown the molecular response of Arabidopsis Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) infection from early to late stages post-infection. Molecular analyses confirmed that TuMV induced mature miR168 accumulation in Arabidopsis, as reported also for other plant-virus interactions. However, differently from reported plant-virus interactions, miRNA precursors pre-miR168a and b were down-regulated and no significant transcriptional effect was detected on miR168a promoter. AGO1 mRNA was induced, but AGO1 protein levels were unchanged. Analyses of the miR403/AGO2 system showed a similar pattern, except for an induction of AGO2 protein levels. Additionally, low molecular weight forms of AGO1 and 2 proteins were detected and relatively overaccumulated under TuMV infections. Our results suggest that TuMV alters the biogenesis of miR168 and miR403 at the processing step. Whilst TuMV induces both miR168 and miR403 overaccumulation, it fails to prevent overaccumulation of the antiviral AGO2 at both mRNA and protein levels.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into the Multifunctional Role of Natural Compounds: Autophagy Modulation and Cancer Prevention

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Md. Ataur Rahman ◽  
MD. Hasanur Rahman ◽  
Md. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Partha Biswas ◽  
Rokibul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Cellular Autophagy ◽  
Autophagy Pathway

Autophagy is a vacuolar, lysosomal degradation pathway for injured and damaged protein molecules and organelles in eukaryotic cells, which is controlled by nutrients and stress responses. Dysregulation of cellular autophagy may lead to various diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and malignancies. Recently, natural compounds have come to attention for being able to modulate the autophagy pathway in cancer prevention, although the prospective role of autophagy in cancer treatment is very complex and not yet clearly elucidated. Numerous synthetic chemicals have been identified that modulate autophagy and are favorable candidates for cancer treatment, but they have adverse side effects. Therefore, different phytochemicals, which include natural compounds and their derivatives, have attracted significant attention for use as autophagy modulators in cancer treatment with minimal side effects. In the current review, we discuss the promising role of natural compounds in modulating the autophagy pathway to control and prevent cancer, and provide possible therapeutic options.

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