Contributions to the History of Plant Pathology in South America, Central America, and Mexico

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A B Nolla ◽  
M V F Valiela
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Recent and Rapid Radiation of the Highly Endangered Harlequin Frogs (Atelopus) into Central America Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Juan Ramírez ◽  
César Jaramillo ◽  
Erik Lindquist ◽  
Andrew Crawford ◽  
Roberto Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Central American ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Museum Samples ◽  
History Of

Populations of amphibians are experiencing severe declines worldwide. One group with the most catastrophic declines is the Neotropical genus Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae). Many species of Atelopus have not been seen for decades and all eight Central American species are considered “Critically Endangered”, three of them very likely extinct. Nonetheless, the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic history of Central American Atelopus are still poorly known. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among seven of the eight described species in Central America were inferred based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from 103 individuals, including decades-old museum samples and two likely extinct species, plus ten South American species. Among Central American samples, we discovered two candidate species that should be incorporated into conservation programs. Phylogenetic inference revealed a ladderized topology, placing species geographically furthest from South America more nested in the tree. Model-based ancestral area estimation supported either one or two colonization events from South America. Relaxed-clock analysis of divergence times indicated that Atelopus colonized Central America prior to 4 million years ago (Ma), supporting a slightly older than traditional date for the closure of the Isthmus. This study highlights the invaluable role of museum collections in documenting past biodiversity, and these results could guide future conservation efforts. An abstract in Spanish (Resumen) is available as supplementary material.

scholarly journals Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 20190148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine W. Schubert ◽  
James C. Chatters ◽  
Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales ◽  
Joshua X. Samuels ◽  
Leopoldo H. Soibelzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Great American Biotic Interchange ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tropical Climates ◽  
Natural Trap ◽  
Shed Light

The Great American Biotic Interchange is considered to be a punctuated process, primarily occurring during four major pulses that began approximately 2.5 Ma. Central America and southeastern Mexico have a poor fossil record of this dynamic faunal history due to tropical climates. Exploration of submerged caves in the Yucatán, particularly the natural trap Hoyo Negro, is exposing a rich and remarkably well-preserved late Pleistocene fauna. Radiometric dates on megafauna range from approximately 38 400–12 850 cal BP, and extinct species include the ursid Arctotherium wingei and canid Protocyon troglodytes . Both genera were previously thought to be indigenous to and confined to South America and appear to represent an instance of large placental mammals, descended from North American progenitors, migrating back north across the Panama Isthmus. This discovery expands the distribution of these carnivorans greater than 2000 km outside South America. Their presence along with a diverse sloth assemblage suggests a more complex history of these organisms in Middle America. We suggest that landscape and ecological changes caused by latest Pleistocene glaciation supported an interchange pulse that included A. wingei , P. troglodytes and Homo sapiens .

A model for paleobiogeography of South American cricetine rodents

Paleobiology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry G. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grassland Habitats ◽  
The Guianas ◽  
Forest Habitats ◽  
Glacial Advance

A model for the paleobiogeographic history of South American cricetine rodents is proposed based on new and/or recently published fossil, geological, paleobotanical and radioisotope data. Cricetine rodents of the tribe Sigmodontini evolved in North America before 7.0 Myr BP. They got to South America by waif dispersal across the Bolivar Trough marine barrier from Central America during a world wide drop in sea level (the “Messinian Low”) between 7.0 and 5.0 Myr BP. The basal stock was probably a sylvan (forest) form, from which evolved pastoral (grazing) forms in the savanna-grassland area of Venezuela, Colombia and the Guianas. The pastoral forms in the northern savanna-grassland area were restricted there until about 3.5 Myr BP. At that time there occurred the first glaciation in South America and consonant with glacial advance was a retraction of forest habitats and an expansion of savanna-grassland habitats. At that time the pastoral forms were able to disperse southward through a savanna-grassland corridor along the eastern foothills of the Andes and spread throughout the previously disjunct savanna-grasslands of Bolivia and Argentina. Cricetines are first recorded as fossil in the Monte Hermoso Fm. of Argentina which is about 3.5 Myr BP in age. The Panamanian land bridge came into existence about 3.0 Myr BP as indicated by the beginning of a major interchange of terrestrial faunas between the Americas, which was well underway by 2.7 Myr BP.

scholarly journals The Experience on Earthquake Risk in Central America

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-316
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Central American ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Presented by the Central American Actuarial Association (Asociacion Acturial Centroamericana) to the 13th ASTIN Colloquium.The Asociaciôn Actuarial Centroamericana (AAC) is a grouping of Actuaries from the Central American Republics of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The AAC is a contributing ASTIN member of the International Actuarial Association.Earthquakes have been a constant scourge of mankind. Central America has not escaped this phenomenon, indeed the territory has been most affected by them precisely because of its condition as an isthmus that serves as a fragile union between the continental land masses of North and South America, and in consequence being subject to disturbances by the displacement of the continental plates. Our lands abound with beautiful volcanoes, which have also contributed to local seismic activity. Whatever their origin, the earthquakes that have struck our country have left their share of destruction of lives and property.In Annex 1 a table is presented, showing a history of seismic activity and volcanic eruptions in the countries on the Caribbean Platform, in which we can appreciate in detail the catastrophes that occurred from the XVI Century until 1976.

scholarly journals Macrocybe titans: The Mushroom Giant of the Western Hemisphere

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Karlsen-Ayala ◽  
Matthew Edward Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Pathology ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Pathology Department ◽  
The Caribbean

The aptly named <i>Macrocybe titans</i>, meaning "giant head," is the largest known gilled mushroom in the Western Hemisphere. This species was originally described from Florida but can be found across the southeastern United States as well as the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America. These mushrooms are often found in clusters with the caps growing as large as 3 ft wide and 1&ndash;1.5 ft tall! This species was first discovered in Gainesville, Florida, and is generally found near buildings or roads. This new three-page publication of the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department describes these giant mushrooms, their discovery, and where to find them. Written by Elena Karlsen-Ayala and Matthew E. Smith.<br /><a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp356">https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp356</a>

scholarly journals Archaeogenomic Distinctiveness of the Isthmo-Colombian Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Rosario Capodiferro ◽  
Bethany Aram ◽  
Alessandro Raveane ◽  
Nicola Rambaldi Migliore ◽  
Giulia Colombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
North American ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
History Of

SUMMARYThe recently enriched genomic history of Indigenous groups in the Americas is still meagre concerning continental Central America. Here, we report ten pre-Hispanic (plus two early colonial) genomes and 84 genome-wide profiles from seven groups presently living in Panama. Our analyses reveal that pre-Hispanic demographic changes and isolation events contributed to create the extensive genetic structure currently seen in the area, which is also characterized by a distinctive Isthmo-Colombian Indigenous component. This component drives these populations on a specific variability axis and derives from the local admixture of different ancestries of northern North American origin(s). Two of these ancestries were differentially associated to Pleistocene Indigenous groups that also moved into South America leaving heterogenous footprints. An additional Pleistocene ancestry was brought by UPopI, a still unsampled population that remained restricted to the Isthmian area, expanded locally during the early Holocene, and left genomic traces up to the present.

Charles Waterton (1782–1865) and wourali

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Padfield
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
History Of

Charles Waterton was the eccentric “Lord of Walton Hall” near Wakefield in Yorkshire. His Wanderings in South America was first published in 1826; translated into French, German and Spanish, it was a best seller. He brought back wourali used by the Macoushi natives of British Guiana (now Guyana) for killing prey; there is a piece of it in the Wakefield Museum. This paper traces the history of wourali which paralyses its victims; its attempted medical use for rabies and tetanus and, though different from curare, its belated use in modern anaesthesia.

“What Freedom?”

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-331
Author(s):  
John Owen Havard
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Narrative Design ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
John Owen

John Owen Havard, “‘What Freedom?’: Frankenstein, Anti-Occidentalism, and English Liberty” (pp. 305–331) “If he were vanquished,” Victor Frankenstein states of his monstrous creation in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), “I should be a free man.” But he goes on: “Alas! what freedom? such as the peasant enjoys when his family have been massacred before his eyes, his cottage burnt, his lands laid waste, and he is turned adrift, homeless, pennyless, and alone, but free.” Victor’s circumstances approximate the deracinated subject of an emergent economic liberalism, while looking to other destitute and shipwrecked heroes. Yet the ironic “freedom” described here carries an added charge, which Victor underscores when he concludes this account of his ravaged condition: “Such would be my liberty.” This essay revisits the geographic plotting of Frankenstein: the digression to the East in the nested “harem” episode, the voyage to England, the neglected episode of Victor’s imprisonment in Ireland, and the creature’s desire to live in South America. Locating Victor’s concluding appeal to his “free” condition within the novel’s expansive geography amplifies the political stakes of his downfall, calling attention to not only his own suffering but the wider trail of destruction left in his wake. Where existing critical accounts have emphasized the French Revolution and its violent aftermath, this obscures the novel’s pointed critique of a deep and tangled history of English liberty and its destructive legacies. Reexamining the novel’s geography in tandem with its use of form similarly allows us to rethink the overarching narrative design of Frankenstein, in ways that disrupt, if not more radically dislocate, existing rigid ways of thinking about the novel.

Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XLVI: New Species and Taxonomic Changes in Faramea of Central and South America (Rubiaceae, Coussareeae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-142
Author(s):  
Charlotte M. Taylor ◽  
Jomar G. Jardim
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
New Nomenclatural Combinations

Review of specimens and names of Faramea Aubl. (Rubiaceae, Coussareeae) has required new nomenclatural combinations, clarified the identities of some previously described species, and discovered some new taxa. Here we transfer two Faramea names, F. suaveolens Duchass. and F. panurensis Müll. Arg., to Coussarea Aubl.; review the identities of F. cuencana Standl., F. multiflora A. Rich., F. oblongifolia Standl., F. parvibractea Steyerm., F. spathacea Müll. Arg. ex Standl., and F. suerrensis (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm.; lectotypify F. multiflora and F. panurensis; transfer to Faramea and lectotypify Rudgea scandens K. Krause; and describe 13 new species and two new subspecies: F. camposiana C. M. Taylor of Ecuador and Peru, F. foreroana C. M. Taylor of Colombia, F. fosteri C. M. Taylor of western South America, F. galerasana C. M. Taylor of Ecuador, F. grayumiana C. M. Taylor of Central America, F. kampauicola C. M. Taylor of Ecuador and Peru, F. neilliana C. M. Taylor of western South America, F. premontana C. M. Taylor of Ecuador, F. quijosana C. M. Taylor of Ecuador, F. ramosiana C. M. Taylor of Colombia, F. reyneliana C. M. Taylor of Peru, F. stoneana C. M. Taylor with two subspecies from Central and western South America, F. suerrensis subsp. miryamiae C. M. Taylor from Colombia, and F. vernicosa C. M. Taylor of Ecuador and Peru.

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