scholarly journals Macrocybe titans: The Mushroom Giant of the Western Hemisphere

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Karlsen-Ayala ◽  
Matthew Edward Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Pathology ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Pathology Department ◽  
The Caribbean

The aptly named <i>Macrocybe titans</i>, meaning "giant head," is the largest known gilled mushroom in the Western Hemisphere. This species was originally described from Florida but can be found across the southeastern United States as well as the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America. These mushrooms are often found in clusters with the caps growing as large as 3 ft wide and 1&ndash;1.5 ft tall! This species was first discovered in Gainesville, Florida, and is generally found near buildings or roads. This new three-page publication of the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department describes these giant mushrooms, their discovery, and where to find them. Written by Elena Karlsen-Ayala and Matthew E. Smith.<br /><a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp356">https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp356</a>

New and unusual host records for North American and South American spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4891 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-112
Author(s):  
FRANK E. KURCZEWSKI ◽  
RICK C. WEST ◽  
CECILIA WAICHERT ◽  
KELLY C. KISSANE ◽  
DARRELL UBICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
North American ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
South American ◽  
New Host ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
First Time ◽  
Taxonomic Order

New and unusual host records for 133 species and subspecies of Pompilidae predominantly from the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America are presented in modified taxonomic order. First-time species host records are given for Calopompilus Ashmead, Pepsis Fabricius, Hemipepsis Dahlbom, Priocnessus Banks, Entypus Dahlbom, Pompilocalus Roig-Alsina, Sphictostethus Kohl, Auplopus Spinola, Ageniella Banks, Eragenia Banks, Aporus Spinola, Poecilopompilus Ashmead, Tachypompilus Ashmead, Anoplius Dufour, Priochilus (Fabricius) and Notocyphus Smith. New host spider families are introduced for Calopompilus, Pepsis, Hemipepsis, Priocnessus, Entypus, Cryptocheilus Panzer, Priocnemis Schiødte, Auplopus, Ageniella, Eragenia, Aporus, Tachypompilus, Anoplius, Priochilus and Notocyphus. Eight host spider families are reported from the Western Hemisphere for the first time: Halonoproctidae (Notocyphus dorsalis dorsalis Cresson); Dipluridae (Pepsis pretiosa Dahlbom, P. montezuma Smith, P. infuscate Spinola, P. atripennis Fabricius, P. martini Vardy, Priocnessus vancei Waichert and Pitts); Nemesiidae (Pepsis pallidolimbata Lucas, P. viridis Lepeletier, P. spp., Pompilocalus hirticeps (Guérin), Sphictostethus gravesii (Haliday), S. striatulus Roig-Alsina, Priocnemis oregona Banks); Barychelidae (Eragenia sp.); Paratropididae (Pepsis stella Montet); Trechaleidae (Hemipepsis toussainti (Banks), Entypus unifasciatus cressoni (Banks), Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say), Tachypompilus unicolor cerinus Evans, Priochilus gloriosum (Cresson); Desidae (Ageniella accepta (Cresson), Sphictostethus isodontus Roig-Alsina) and Selenopidae (Priochilus scrupulum (Fox), Tachypompilus erubescens (Taschenberg) or xanthopterus (Rohwer)). The first known host records for the rare South American pompilid genera Chirodamus (Lycosidae: Lycosa sp.) and Herbstellus (Nemesiidae: Diplothelopsis cf bonariensis Mello-Leitão) are presented. 

scholarly journals Two Distinct Isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Threaten Tomato Production in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 910-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Idris ◽  
J. C. Guerrero ◽  
J. K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

Severe yellow leaf curl and plant stunting symptoms were observed in tomato plants from two home gardens in central Arizona (Phoenix area) and a tomato field in Sonora, Mexico during the fall of 2006. Disease symptoms were reminiscent of those reported in Florida during 1994 (4) and more recently in tomato fields in the Pacific Coast state of Sinaloa, Mexico found to be infected with the exotic Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (2). Total DNA was extracted from two symptomatic tomato plants from Arizona and Sonora and used as a template in PCR. PCR products of the core region of the begomovirus coat protein gene (Cp) were cloned (n = 3) and the DNA sequence was determined. BLAST analysis of the 579 bases with sequences available in the NCBI GenBank database indicated the closest match was to an isolate of the monopartite begomovirus TYLCV from Israel, which was known to have been introduced into the Caribbean region, including Puerto Rico, the southeastern United States, and Mexico from 1990 to 1996 (1,4). The full-length TYLCV genome (approximately 2,800 bases) was amplified for a field isolate from each location by rolling circle amplification (RCA) using TempliPhi (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). RCA products were cloned into the plasmid vector pGEM7 (Promega, Madison, WI) that had been previously digested with SacI endonuclease. The complete TYLCV genome sequence was determined for six clones from each RCA product. Nucleotide analysis indicated that the complete TYLCV genome sequences from Sonora and Arizona, respectively, shared 97.6 and 97.7% nt identity. The comparative sequence analysis indicated that TYLCV-Sonora (TYLCV-Son) (GenBank Accession No. EF210555) was 99.1% nt identical to TYLCV reported recently from Culiacan, Mexico (GenBank Accession No. DQ631892). In contrast, TYLCV-AZ (GenBank Accession No. EF210554) shared 99.3% identity with an isolate from Texas, TYLCV-TX (GenBank Accession No. EF110890) (3). Interestingly, the TX and AZ TYLCV isolates contained a unique 29-nt deletion in the intergenic region (IR) between the TATA-box and the nonanucleotide, initiating at nt coordinate 2696. Except for the deletion in the IR region of the AZ and TX isolates, these viruses shared 97.6 to 99.1% nt identity to other TYLCV isolates reported in the Western Hemisphere. The genome sequence for TYLCV-Son shares high nt identity with TYLCV isolates identified in the Yucatan Peninsula and Pacific Coast of Mexico (2), the Caribbean region, and the southeastern United States, suggesting that a single TYLCV species was introduced and has spread throughout North America and the Caribbean (4). The absence of other TYLCV isolates in the Western Hemisphere with the novel 29-nt deletion noted for the TX and AZ isolates suggests that the latter two isolates originated from the same U.S. source. In Mexico, TYLCV was first introduced in the east coast and Yucatan region approximately in 1996. From there, this isolate has spread to the western part of the country (Sinaloa and Sonora) from 2004 to 2006 (2). Similarly, in the United States, TYLCV was introduced and spread in the eastern U.S. states beginning in 1994 (4), where it had been confined until it was discovered in Texas (3) and now Arizona during 2006. References: (1) J. Bird et al. Plant Dis. 85:1028, 2001. (2) J. K. Brown and A. M. Idris. Plant Dis. 90:1360, 2006. (3) T. Isakeit et al. Plant Dis. 91:466, 2007. (4) J. E. Polston et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.

The Drug Trade in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen Teague
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Global War

The drug trade in Mexico and efforts by the Mexican government—often with United States assistance—to control the cultivation, sale, and use of narcotics are largely 20th-century phenomena. Over time, U.S. drug control policies have played a large role in the scope and longevity of Mexico’s drug trade. Many argue that these policies—guided by the U.S.-led global war on drugs—have been fruitless in Mexico, and are at least partially responsible for the violence and instability seen there in the early twentieth century. A producer of Cannabis sativa and the opium poppy, Mexico emerged as a critical place of drug supply following World War II, even though domestic drug use in Mexico has remained low. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the drug trade in Mexico has reached epic proportions due to drug demand emanating from the United States. Mexico’s cultivation of psychoactive raw materials and its prime location—connecting North America with Central America and the Caribbean and sharing a 2,000-mile-long border with the United States—have made it an ideal transit point for narcotics originating from other parts of the Western Hemisphere and the world. Although Mexico implemented a smaller, less organized antidrug campaign in the late 1940s, the inauguration of the global war on drugs in 1971 represents a distinctive shift in its drug control and enforcement policies. The government began utilizing U.S. supply-control models, advice, and aid to decrease the cultivation of drugs inside the country. America’s fight against drug trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s shifted the geographic locus of the drug trade to Mexico by the early 2000s. Mexico’s powerful drug cartels proved more than capable of eluding (sometimes colluding with) the Mexican government’s efforts against them in the first decade of the 21st century during the administration of President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012). Calderón’s fight against the cartels brought about a drug war in Mexico, characterized by widespread violence, instability, and an estimated death toll of more than 70,000 people.

scholarly journals Latin America: Demographic Dynamics and the Migration Processes Transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Kudeyarova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The Caribbean

Latin America is one of the high level migration activity regions. The mass migration flows are the part of the Western Hemisphere South nations history for more than a century and a half. Both the structure and direction of that flows have been significantly transformed during that period. While being the transatlantic flows recipients at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries, the Latin American States turned into donors of human resources in the second half of the XX century due to the profound demographic transformation. The aim of this paper is to analyse the demographic transformations impact on the emigration mobility models development in Latin America and the Caribbean countries. Demographic changes were manifested in different ways in countries with a large share of European migrants and those that were not affected by mass migrations flows at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The Central America countries and Mexico have experienced the most profound population explosion that subsequently affected the intensity of the migration movement to the United States. The paper examines the main migration directions of Latin America and the Caribbean residents, identifies two basic mobility source areas that demonstrate different strategies via different destination countries choice. While the United States has become the leading destination country for Latin American migrants, accounting for 93% of migrants from Central America and Mexico, the South American migration is mostly intraregional. The largest regional integration associations migration policies implementation reflects this difference. Spain has become a significant extra-regional migration destination for South America. At the end of the second decade of the XXI century, global economic transformations affect the migration dynamics of Latin American subregions, producing powerful migration crises and local tensions.

Myrcia (Myrtaceae) in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 486 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-105
Author(s):  
LAURA C. DE LANNOY ◽  
AYRTON I. DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
RENATO GOLDENBERG ◽  
DUANE F. LIMA
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Taxonomic Descriptions ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Doubtful Species

Myrtaceae is one of the largest families in number of species within the order Myrtales and one of the richest families in Brazil. Myrcia is the fourth largest genus of Myrtaceae, with approximately 770 species distributed from Central America and the Caribbean to southern South America. In Brazil Myrcia is represented by 397 species, of which 309 are endemic. In this study, we present the taxonomic treatment for all species of Myrcia that occur in Paraná state, Brazil. Analyses of herbarium specimens, online databases, and bibliography were performed. Fifty-three species of Myrcia occur in Paraná, distributed in all vegetation types. Twenty-three names were excluded from previous lists of species or listed as doubtful species. Neither of the recorded species is endemic to Paraná, but this state is the southern and northern limit of distribution of six and two species, respectively. We present an identification key, taxonomic descriptions, figures, maps, and comments on phenology, habitat, and morphology for each species.

scholarly journals Fall and Winter Movements of Newfoundland Graycheeked Thrushes (Catharus Minimus Minimus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darroch M. Whitaker ◽  
Ian G. Warkentin ◽  
Keith A. Hobson ◽  
Peter Thomas ◽  
Rinchen Boardman
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Migratory Stopover

Abstract The Newfoundland subspecies of Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus minimus) has declined since the 1980s and degradation of winter habitat has been suggested as a contributing stressor. However, the winter range of this subspecies is not well understood, so we fitted 29 males with archival GPS tags during summer 2016. Four tagged thrushes were recaptured in summer 2017 and, though all tags had missing locations and broken antennae, the data retrieved showed that one thrush wintered in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) in northern Colombia, one in the nearby Sierra de Perija in Venezuela, and a third may have settled in the same region. One tag provided locations until April 21 and that thrush was consistently detected within a ~1 ha area through the winter. Locations obtained during fall migration indicated that thrushes travelled to South America via Central America and possibly by directly crossing the Caribbean. Contemporary research indicates that the SNSM is an important migratory stopover for Northern Gray-cheeked Thrushes (C. m. aliciae) but a historical report coupled with our observations suggest winter use of the SNSM and adjacent areas in northern South America by C. m. minimus, though numbers may be lower than during the 1900s.

scholarly journals El mayor registro de elevación de Mustela frenata (Carnivora: Mustelidae) y distribución en el departamento de Calda, región andina de Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Sergio Escobar-Lasso ◽  
Margarita Gil-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern South America

The long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, 1831 has the greatest geographical range among mustelids in the western hemisphere (Harding & Dragoo 2012). The range of M. frenata extends from the north of the United States, near the Canadian border, to northern South America (Sheffield & Thomas 1997), from sea level to 3800 masl (Sheffield & Thomas 1997, Reid & Helgen 2008).

Euphorbia mosaic virus. [Distribution map].

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Central America ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Euphorbia mosaic virus, Geminiviridae: Begomovirus. Hosts: Mexican fireplant (Euphorbia heterophylla). Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America (Mexico, USA, Florida), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, United States, Virgin Islands), South America (Brazil, Sao Paulo, Venezuela). It is vectored by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).

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