Erythromycin mimics exogenous motilin in gastrointestinal contractile activity in the dog

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (6) ◽  
pp. G688-G694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Itoh ◽  
M. Nakaya ◽  
T. Suzuki ◽  
H. Arai ◽  
K. Wakabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Contractile Force ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motor ◽  
Plasma Motilin ◽  
Interdigestive Migrating Contractions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Contractile Activity

The gastrointestinal motor stimulating activity of erythromycin (EM) was studied in conscious dogs. It was found that a 20-min intravenous infusion of EM lactobionate at a dose of 50–100 micrograms (potency) X kg-1 X h-1 induced a group of strong contractions in the stomach and the duodenum, and the contractions migrated along the small intestine to the terminal ileum. The EM-induced contractions were quite similar to the naturally occurring interdigestive migrating contractions (IMC) in the gastrointestinal tract in frequency, contractile force, and duration of the contractions, migrating velocity, and accompanying peaks of plasma motilin concentration. The EM-induced contractions in the stomach were inhibited by feeding and intravenous infusion of pentagastrin (1.5 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) but were not affected by secretin; these findings are identical to those found with the naturally occurring and motilin-induced contractions. Like motilin, EM stimulated motor activity only during the interdigestive state. We conclude that EM induces IMC associated with the release of endogenous motilin in the dog.

Periodic contractions of the canine gallbladder during the interdigestive state

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. G183-G189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Itoh ◽  
I. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Contractile Force ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Interdigestive Migrating Contractions

Interdigestive contractile activity of the gallbladder, the stomach, and the duodenum was measured by means of chronically implanted force transducers in five conscious dogs. During the interdigestive state, contractions of the gallbladder were identified to be closely associated with the initial period of phase II of the interdigestive migrating contractions (IMC) in the duodenum. The mean contractile force of the gallbladder during this phase was 6.5 +/- 0.77 g, which corresponded to approximately 80% of the force of the postprandial contractions. When the duodenum exhibited phase II contractions, the gallbladder had already returned to the resting level. Intravenous infusion of synthetic motilin induced IMC in the stomach and duodenum and during the initial period of motor response of the duodenum reproduced contractions in the gallbladder that were identical to the natural contractions as to their period and pattern. We cannot yet ascribe the interdigestive contractions observed in the gallbladder to the direct action of motilin, but the present study clearly indicates that the gallbladder contracts even in the interdigestive state, and the contractions are associated with the phase II contractions in the duodenum.

Gastrointestinal motor effects of erythromycin

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (3) ◽  
pp. G355-G363 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Otterson ◽  
S. K. Sarna
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Amplitude Ratio ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motor ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Motor Effects

We studied the small intestinal motor effects of oral and intravenous (iv) erythromycin in 10 conscious dogs. After control recordings with placebo, oral or iv erythromycin was given at 40% of the migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle. Recordings were made after administration until normal contractile activity had returned or 12 h postdrug administration. Low doses initiated a premature MMC. High doses, however, prolonged the MMC cycle length. Erythromycin reduced the MMC propagation velocity at all doses. Both oral and iv erythromycin induced amyogenesia. During this pattern, electrical control activity was obliterated in the proximal and destabilized in the distal small intestine. Erythromycin also increased the incidence of retrograde giant contractions (RGCs) and vomiting. These effects occurred within the first 2 h after oral and within the first 30 min after iv administration. The incidence of giant migrating contractions (GMCs) increased significantly from 5 to 12 h but not from 0 to 5 h after administration. The distance of origination of GMCs from the ileocolonic junction was significantly increased from 5 to 12 h. The amplitude ratio, duration, and velocity of migration of GMCs induced after erythromycin were similar to control values. Clusters of coordinated antral and duodenal contractions also occurred early after administration. Our findings suggest that erythromycin has multiple motor effects on the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting associated with erythromycin may be related to increased incidence of GMCs and RGCs. Erythromycin has a biphasic effect on MMC cycle length, initiating premature MMCs at low doses and prolonging their cycle length at higher doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Rhythmic oscillating complexes in gastrointestinal tract of chickens: a role for motilin

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. G916-G922 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodriguez-Sinovas ◽  
M. Jimenez ◽  
P. De Clercq ◽  
T. L. Peeters ◽  
P. Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Motility Pattern ◽  
Plasma Motilin ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rhythmic oscillating complex (ROC) is a highly organized gastrointestinal motility pattern recently described in fasted avian species. ROCs show several high-speed aborad-propagated contractions that progressively change into others of orad direction. In addition, chickens show migrating motor complexes (MMC) in both fed and fasting states. Recently, motilin was isolated and characterized from chicken small intestine. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to learn whether chicken motilin might be involved in either ROC or MMC induction. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from different areas of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens while motilin was infused. The response to chicken motilin was dose dependent in both fed and fasted animals; a bolus of 4 x 10(-11) mol/kg (n = 5) did not modify the intestinal motor pattern, whereas 4 x 10(-10) and 4 x 10(-9) mol/kg (n = 5 each) induced a complete ROC pattern of 5.2 +/- 0.6 and 10.8 +/- 0.9 min, respectively. ROCs induced by chicken motilin presented exactly the same pattern as that described during a spontaneous ROC. Furthermore, motilin concentration in plasma, measured by radioimmunoassay, increased during a spontaneous ROC. This study suggests that chicken motilin triggers an ROC in chickens. The fact that plasma motilin levels increased during spontaneous ROC strongly suggests that motilin is involved in the induction of the ROC pattern. Motilin seems to play a different role in avian and mammalian species, because a phase III of the MMC was never induced by motilin infusion.

Structure-activity relation among macrolide antibiotics in initiation of interdigestive migrating contractions in the canine gastrointestinal tract

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (3) ◽  
pp. G320-G325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Itoh ◽  
T. Suzuki ◽  
M. Nakaya ◽  
M. Inoue ◽  
H. Arai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Glycosidic Linkage ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Endogenous Release ◽  
Interdigestive Migrating Contractions

The relation between the chemical structure of commercially available macrolide antibiotics and their activity in inducing interdigestive migrating contractions (IMC) was studied in conscious dogs. It was found that the 14-membered macrolides erythromycin and oleandomycin are active in inducing IMC in the stomach in association with the endogenous release of motilin. These erythromycin- and oleandomycin-induced contractions in the stomach migrated through the small intestine in a caudad direction. Conversely, 16-membered macrolide antibiotics such as leucomycin, acetylspiramycin, and tylosin do not induce any contractions in the stomach or stimulate endogenous release of motilin. These findings suggest that the IMC-inducing activity in macrolides seems to be closely related to their chemical configuration, i.e., the structure of 14-membered macrolides with dimethylaminosugar (desosamine) bound at C-5 and neutralsugar at C-3 in glycosidic linkage in parallel is likely to be necessary for IMC-inducing activity. The mechanisms by which erythromycin and oleandomycin stimulate endogenous motilin release are not known.

Motilin controls cyclic release of insulin through vagal cholinergic muscarinic pathways in fasted dogs

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. G87-G95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Suzuki ◽  
Erito Mochiki ◽  
Norihiro Haga ◽  
Minoru Satoh ◽  
Akiyoshi Mizumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Release ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Plasma Motilin ◽  
Interdigestive Migrating Contractions ◽  
Perifusion System

The effect of motilin on insulin release has not been studied in the interdigestive state. Adult mongrel dogs were chronically implanted with force transducers in the stomach and duodenum to monitor contractile activity, and the plasma motilin and insulin concentrations were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The concentration of insulin in plasma was found to fluctuate in close association with that of motilin and phase III of the interdigestive migrating contractions in the stomach. This spontaneous release of insulin was mimicked by intravenous infusion of motilin at a dose of 0.3 μg ⋅ kg−1⋅ h−1. Exogenous motilin (0.01–0.3 μg/kg) dose dependently stimulated insulin release, which was abolished by atropine, hexamethonium, ondansetron, and truncal vagotomy. Phentolamine significantly enhanced, whereas propranolol inhibited, motilin-induced insulin release. In a perifusion system using islet cells from the canine pancreas, motilin did not affect insulin release. In conclusion, motilin stimulates insulin release through vagal cholinergic, muscarinic receptors on pancreatic β-cells, and the effect appears to be modulated by adrenergic nerves.

Changes in plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity in conscious dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zen Itoh ◽  
Shinjin Takeuchi ◽  
Isamu Aizawa ◽  
Kohzaburo Mori ◽  
Tomohiko Taminato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Plasma Motilin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Contractile Activity

Nitric oxide regulates migrating motor complex cycling and its postprandial disruption

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. G759-G766 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Sarna ◽  
M. F. Otterson ◽  
R. P. Ryan ◽  
V. E. Cowles
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Migrating Motor Complex ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motor

We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of migrating motor complex (MMC) cycling during the fasting state and its postprandial disruption. Intravenous infusion of Nohgr-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) first produced a premature MMC and then disrupted MMC cycling for the rest of the day. The cycle length of the MMCs was significantly shorter than the control on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th day after l-NAME infusion. The gastric cyclic motor activity (CMA) did not usually exhibit a premature cycle on the day of l-NAME infusion but was disrupted by l-NAME infusion; the duration of CMA disruption in the stomach was significantly longer than that of MMC disruption in the small intestine. Infusion of Nohgr-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) exhibited similar effects. The intravenous infusion of l-NAME also significantly shortened the duration of MMC disruption by a meal. l-Arginine alone had no significant effect on gastrointestinal motor activity during the fasting or the fed state, but when infused with l-NAME, it blocked the effects of NO synthase inhibition. Angiotensin II increased the mean arterial pressure to a level similar to that produced by l-NAME but had no significant effect on the fasting or the fed pattern of gastrointestinal motor activity. We conclude that NO containing nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) neurons play a significant role in regulating MMC and CMA cycling during the fasting state and their disruption by a meal. However, NO may not be the only NANC neurotransmitter to inhibit contractions in the gut; phase I activity in the small intestine persisted during NO synthase inhibition by l-NAME or l-NNA. nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurons; cyclic motor activity: Nohgr-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; Nohgr-nitro-l-arginine; vasoactive intestinal peptide; cholecystokinin Submitted on November 30, 1992 Accepted on June 3, 1993

CHANGES IN SMALL INTESTINE MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
V. M. Lykhman ◽  
O. M. Shevchenko ◽  
Ye. O. Bilodid ◽  
Igor Vladimirovich Volchenko ◽  
I. A. Kulyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Acute Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

Among urgent surgical diseases of abdominal cavity, an acute intestinal obstruction is the most difficult to be diagnosed and treated. Leading factor, determining the development of pathophysiological processes is considered to be the progressive manifestations of enteric insufficiency syndrome, resulting in intestinal barrier impairment, negative changes in ecology of intestinal flora, increased endotoxins. To identify the small intestine microflora in acute intestinal obstruction and determine the role of dysbiotic disorders in clinical manifestations of main pathological process, a study was conducted in 60 patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction. The small intestine has a relatively rare microflora, consisting mainly of gram−positive facultative aerobic microorganisms, streptococci, lactobacilli. The distal ileum in nearly 30−55 % of healthy people contains scanty microflora, and yet the flora of this area differs from the microbial population of the higher gastrointestinal tract due to higher concentration of gram−negative bacteria. Optional−anaerobic coliform bacilli, anaerobic bifidobacteria and fusobacteria, bacteroids, the number of which starts exceeding the one of gram−positive species, are presented in significant quantities. Distal to the ileocecal valve there are significant changes in the microflora quantitative and species composition. Obligatory anaerobic bacteria become the predominant part of microflora, exceeding the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. The bacterial flora in different parts of gastrointestinal tract has its own specifics and is quite constant, as a result of the interaction of many factors, regulating the bacterial population in small intestine. The most important among them are: acidity of gastric juice, normal peristaltic activity of the intestine, bacterial interactions and immune mechanisms. Disorders of the intestine motor and evacuation function with its obstruction lead to slow passage of the chyme and contamination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with new types of microbes. There is a syndrome of small intestine excessive colonization, which means an increased concentration of bacterial populations in it, similar in species composition to the colon microflora. Pathological intra−intestinal contents become a source of endogenous infection and re−infection of the patient, leads to internal digestive disorders, which is manifested by syndrome of malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Key words: acute intestinal obstruction, small intestinal microflora, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, intestinal biocenosis.

scholarly journals A long-term survivor of clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract with liver metastasis: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuhisa Okada ◽  
Yasumitsu Hirano ◽  
Shintaro Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroka Kondo ◽  
Toshimasa Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Liver Metastasis ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Background Clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (CCSLTGT) is extremely rare. It is a mesenchymal neoplasm that usually forms in the small intestine of adolescents and young adults, is prone to local recurrence and metastasis, and has a high mortality rate. We report a patient with CCSLTGT with lymph node- and liver metastases, who continues to survive 6 years after initial surgical resection. Case presentation A 38-year-old woman presented with lightheadedness. Laboratory analysis revealed anemia (hemoglobin, 6.7 g/dL), and enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass in the small intestine, about 6 cm in diameter, with swelling of 2 regional lymph nodes. Double-balloon small intestine endoscopic examination revealed a tumor accompanied by an ulcer; the biopsy findings suggested a primary cancer of the small intestine. She was admitted, and we then performed a laparotomy for partial resection of the small intestine with lymph node dissection. Pathologic examination revealed CCSLTGT with regional lymph node metastases. About 3 years later, follow-up CT revealed a single liver metastasis. Consequently, she underwent a laparoscopic partial liver resection. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the liver metastasis was consistent with CCSLTGT. It has now been 3 years without a recurrence. Conclusion Repeated radical surgical resection with close follow-up may be the only way to achieve long-term survival in patients with CCLSTGT.

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