Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in the mouse

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (2) ◽  
pp. G191-G200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Sang ◽  
Raj K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Area Postrema ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Esophageal Peristalsis ◽  
Primary Peristalsis ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Fos Expression

The purpose of the present study was to identify vagal subnuclei that participate in reflex swallowing in response to electrical stimulation of the left superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). SLN stimulation at 10 Hz evoked primary peristalsis, including oropharyngeal and esophageal peristalsis, and LES relaxation. It also induced c- fos expression in interneurons in the interstitial (SolI), intermediate (SolIM), central (SolCe), dorsomedial (SolDM) and commissural (SolC) solitary subnuclei. Neurons in parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt) and area postrema (AP) and motoneurons in the semicompact (NAsc), loose (NAl), and compact (NAc) formations of the nucleus ambiguus and both rostral (DMVr) and caudal (DMVc) parts of the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus were also activated. The activated neurons represent all neurons concerned with afferent SLN-mediated reflexes, including the swallowing-related neurons. SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c- fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit in oropharyngeal peristalsis and LES relaxation and SolCe, NAc, DMVc, and DMVr in esophageal peristalsis and LES responses.

scholarly journals Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective Elicitation of the Laryngeal Adductor Response

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 2920-2932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjinidevi Ambalavanar ◽  
Yasumasa Tanaka ◽  
W. Scott Selbie ◽  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Experimental Group

Swallow and cough are complex motor patterns elicited by rapid and intense electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN). The laryngeal adductor response (LAR) includes only a laryngeal response, is elicited by single stimuli to the ISLN, and is thought to represent the brain stem pathway involved in laryngospasm. To identify which regions in the medulla are activated during elicitation of the LAR alone, single electrical stimuli were presented once every 2 s to the ISLN. Two groups of five cats each were studied; an experimental group with unilateral ISLN stimulation at 0.5 Hz and a surgical control group. Three additional cats were studied to evaluate whether other oral, pharyngeal, or respiratory muscles were activated during ISLN stimulation eliciting LAR. We quantified ≤22 sections for each of 14 structures in the medulla to determine if regions had increased Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in the experimental group. Significant increases ( P < 0.0033) occurred with unilateral ISLN stimulation in the interstitial subnucleus, the ventrolateral subnucleus, the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius, the lateral tegmental field of the reticular formation, the area postrema, and the nucleus ambiguus. Neither the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, usually active for swallow, nor the nucleus retroambiguus, retrofacial nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus, usually active for cough, were active with elicitation of the laryngeal adductor response alone. The results demonstrate that the laryngeal adductor pathway is contained within the broader pathways for cough and swallow in the medulla.

Studies of the Central Neural Pathways to the Stomach and Zusanli (ST36)

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hyun Lee ◽  
Han Sol Jung ◽  
Tae Young Lee ◽  
Sang Ryoung Lee ◽  
Sang Won Yuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Amygdaloid Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus

The purpose of this morphological study was to investigate the relation between the meridian, meridian points and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the stomach and Zusanli were observed following injection of CTB (cholera toxin B subunit) and pseudorabies viruses (PRV-Ba, Bartha strain and PRV-Ba-Gal, galactosidase insertion) into the stomach and Zusanli (ST36). After 4–5 days of survival following injection into twelve rats, they were perfused, and their spinal cords and brains were frozen sectioned (30 μm). These sections were stained by X-gal histochemical, CTB and PRV-Bia immunohistochemical staining methods, and examined with the light microscope. The results were as follows: Commonly labeled medulla oblongata regions were dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMV), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and area postrema (AP) following injection of CTB and PRV-Ba-Gal into stomach and Zusanli, respectively. In the spinal cord, commonly labeled neurons were found in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas were found in lamina IV, V, VII (intermediolateral nucleus) and X of the spinal cord. In the brain, commonly labeled neurons were found in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, A5 cell group, central gray matter, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic nucleus, retrochiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminals and amygdaloid nucleus. Thus central autonomic center project both to the stomach and Zusanli. These morphological results suggest that there is a commonality of CNS cell groups in brain controlling stomach (viscera) and Zusanli (limb).

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol selectively acts on CB1 receptors in specific regions of dorsal vagal complex to inhibit emesis in ferrets

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (3) ◽  
pp. G566-G576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja D. Van Sickle ◽  
Lorraine D. Oland ◽  
Ken Mackie ◽  
Joseph S. Davison ◽  
Keith A. Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Cb1 Receptors ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, receptor specificity, and site of action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in the ferret. THC (0.05-1 mg/kg ip) dose-dependently inhibited the emetic actions of cisplatin. The ED50 for retching was ∼0.1 mg/kg and for vomiting was 0.05 mg/kg. A specific cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist SR-141716A (5 mg/kg ip) reversed the effect of THC, whereas the CB2 receptor antagonist SR-144528 (5 mg/kg ip) was ineffective. THC applied to the surface of the brain stem was sufficient to inhibit emesis induced by intragastric hypertonic saline. The site of action of THC in the brain stem was further assessed using Fos immunohistochemistry. Fos expression induced by cisplatin in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and the medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but not other subnuclei of the NTS, was significantly reduced by THC rostral to obex. At the level of the obex, THC reduced Fos expression in the area postrema and the dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. The highest density of CB1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in the DMNX and the medial subnucleus of the NTS. Lower densities were observed in the area postrema and dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. Caudal to obex, there was moderate density of staining in the commissural subnucleus of the NTS. These results show that THC selectively acts at CB1 receptors to reduce neuronal activation in response to emetic stimuli in specific regions of the dorsal vagal complex.

scholarly journals Effect of brain stem NMDA-receptor blockade by MK-801 on behavioral and Fos responses to vagal satiety signals

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (4) ◽  
pp. R1104-R1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyuan Zheng ◽  
Lisa Kelly ◽  
Laurel M. Patterson ◽  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Gastric Distension ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Sucrose Intake ◽  
Mk 801 ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Fos Expression

To test the possible role of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the transmission of gastrointestinal satiety signals at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), we assessed the effect of fourth ventricular infusion of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on short-term sucrose intake and on gastric distension-induced Fos expression in the dorsal vagal complex of unanesthetized rats. MK-801, although not affecting initial rate of intake, significantly increased sucrose intake during the later phase of the meal (10–30 min, 8.9 ± 1.0 vs. 2.9 ± 0.8 ml, P < 0.01). In the medial subnucleus of the NTS, the area postrema, and the dorsal motor nucleus, MK-801 did not reduce gastric distension-induced Fos expression and itself did not significantly induce Fos expression. In the dorsomedial, commissural, and gelatinosus subnuclei, MK-801 in itself produced significant Fos expression and significantly reduced (−75%, P < 0.05) the ability of gastric distension to induce Fos expression, assuming an additive model with two separate populations of neurons activated by distension and the blocker. Although these results are consistent with NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission of vagal satiety signals in general, they lend limited support for such a role in the transmission of specific gastric distension signals.

Hypothyroidism increases Fos immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of brain medullary dorsal vagal complex in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. E892-E899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu-Qing Yuan ◽  
Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptors ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Daily Intraperitoneal Injection

Hypo- or hyperthyroidism is associated with autonomic disorders. We studied Fos expression in the medullary dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), and area postrema (AP) in four groups of rats with different thyroid states induced by a combination of drinking water and daily intraperitoneal injection for 1–4 wk: 1) tap water and vehicle; 2) 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) and vehicle; 3) PTU and thyroxine (T4; 2 μg/100 g); and 4) tap water and T4 (10 μg/100 g). The numbers of Fos immunoreactive (IR) positive neurons in the DMV, NTS, and AP were low in euthyroid rats but significantly higher in the 4-wk duration in hypothyroid rats, which were prevented by simultaneous T4 replacement. Hyperthyroidism had no effect on Fos expression in these areas. There were significant negative correlations between T4 levels and the numbers of Fos-IR-positive neurons in the DMV ( r = −0.6388, P < 0.008), NTS ( r = −0.6741, P < 0.003), and AP ( r = −0.5622, P < 0.004). Double staining showed that Fos immunoreactivity in the DMV of hypothyroid rats was mostly localized in choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons. Thyroid hormone receptors α1 and β2 were localized in the observed nuclei. These results indicate that thyroid hormone influences the DMV/NTS/AP neuronal activity, which may contribute to the vagal-related visceral disorders observed in hypothyroidism.

Metabolic activation of efferent pathways from the rat area postrema

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. R788-R797 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Gross ◽  
D. S. Wainman ◽  
S. W. Shaver ◽  
K. M. Wall ◽  
A. V. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Efferent Pathways ◽  
Parabrachial Nuclei ◽  
Stimulation Of

We used the quantitative [14C]deoxyglucose method and autoradiography to evaluate metabolic activity in 47 individual cerebral structures or subregions that are part of neural pathways emanating from the brain stem circumventricular organ, area postrema. Electrical stimulation of the dorsocentral area postrema in halothane-ventilated rats produced hypotension and increased glucose metabolism by several structures within the ascending trajectories of efferent neural projections from the nucleus. Structures in the caudal medulla oblongata, including three subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and nucleus ambiguus-A1 noradrenergic region, had increases of metabolism during stimulation of 32-62%. Pontine activation occurred specifically in the locus coeruleus and lateral parabrachial nuclei (increases of 24-36%). Magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, and median eminence showed increases in metabolism of 22-34%. An 89% elevation of glucose metabolism by the pituitary neural lobe resulted. The findings are evidence for functional activation of specific structures within ascending neural pathways from area postrema to forebrain mechanisms regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

scholarly journals Postnatal developmental expressions of neurotransmitters and receptors in various brain stem nuclei of rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1442-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuli Liu ◽  
Margaret T. T. Wong-Riley
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Hypoglossal Nucleus ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Cuneate Nucleus ◽  
Glycine Receptors ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus

Previously, we reported that the expression of cytochrome oxidase in a number of brain stem nuclei exhibited a plateau or reduction at postnatal day (P) 3–4 and a dramatic decrease at P12, against a general increase with age. The present study examined the expression of glutamate, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1), GABA, GABAB receptors, glycine receptors, and glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary tract nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, medial accessory olivary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and cuneate nucleus, from P2 to P21 in rats. Results showed that 1) the expression of glutamate increased with age in a majority of the nuclei, whereas that of NMDAR1 showed heterogeneity among the nuclei; 2) GABA and GABAB expressions decreased with age, whereas that of glycine receptors increased with age; 3) GluR2 showed two peaks, at P3–4 and P12; and 4) glutamate and NMDAR1 showed a significant reduction, whereas GABA, GABAB receptors, glycine receptors, and GluR2 exhibited a concomitant increase at P12. These features were present but less pronounced in hypoglossal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and were absent in the cuneate nucleus. These data suggest that brain stem nuclei, directly or indirectly related to respiratory control, share a common developmental trend with the pre-Bötzinger complex in having a transient period of imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory drives at P12. During this critical period, the respiratory system may be more vulnerable to excessive exogenous stressors.

Distribution of vagal cardioinhibitory neurons in the medulla of the cat

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R57-R64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ciriello ◽  
F. R. Calaresu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Antidromic Stimulation ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Vagal Bradycardia ◽  
Medullary Nuclei ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were done in cats anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats to obtain electrophysiological evidence on the medullary site of origin of vagal cardioinhibitory fibers. The regions of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and external cuneate nucleus (ECN) were systematically explored for units responding both to antidromic stimulation of the cardiac branches of the vagus (CBV) and to orthodromic stimulation of the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves. Eighty-six single units conforming to these criteria were found in the medulla: 30 in the AMB, 26 in the DMV, 12 in the NTS, 8 in the NTS-DMV border region, and 10 in the ECN. Antidromically evoked spikes had durations of 0.5--2.5 ms and followed stimulation frequencies of 20--500 Hz. The axons of these units conducted at velocities of 3.3--20.8 m/s. The specificity of activation of medullary units by cardioinhibitory fibers was tested in 11 units, which were found to respond consistently with an antidromic spike to stimulation of CBV but not to stimulation of the thoracic vagus. In eight spinal animals low threshold (less than 15 microA) sites eliciting vagal bradycardia were found in the same medullary nuclei where cardioinhibitory units had been located. These results indicate that vagal cardioinhibitory axons, originate in at least three medullary nuclei, the AMB, DMV, and NTS. Unit activity from the ECN may have been recorded from carioinhibitory fibers because of the short duration of the spike potentials.

Medullary pathways mediating depressor responses from Na(+)-sensitive sites in nucleus of the solitary tract

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. R126-R133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Hochstenbach ◽  
J. Ciriello
Keyword(s):  
Area Postrema ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Efferent Projections ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Two series of experiments were done in male Wistar rats to investigate the medullary pathways that mediate the depressor responses from sodium-sensitive sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In the first series, the anterograde tract tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was iontophoresed unilaterally at sites in the NTS at which microinjections (20 nl) of a 154-175 mM NaCl solution elicited depressor responses. PHA-L injection sites were found to be localized within the medial subnucleus of the NTS (Sm). In the medulla, PHA-L-labeled fibers and presumptive terminal boutons were observed bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance, throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the NTS the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, area postrema, the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and nucleus ambiguus. The pontine region, containing the A5 catecholaminergic cell group and the parabrachial nucleus, also received projections from Sm. In the second series of experiments, the effect of blocking synaptic transmission in VLM with cobalt chloride (CoCl2; 5 mM, 100 nl) on the cardiovascular response elicited by microinjection (20 nl) of hypertonic saline (154-175 mM) into the ipsilateral Sm was investigated in the alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rat. Microinjection of CoCl2 into VLM, at sites shown in the previous study to receive efferent projections from Sm, significantly attenuated the depressor (60%) and bradycardic (80%) responses to stimulation of Sm. These data indicate that the sodium-sensitive region of the caudal Sm innervates VLM neurons and suggest that these VLM neurons are involved in mediating the depressor and bradycardic responses elicited by changes in the extracellular concentration of sodium.

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