Central Localization of the Osmotic Control Center

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Zuidema ◽  
Neville P. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Urine Osmolarity ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Active Reabsorption

Intracarotid injections of hypertonic solutions cause marked antidiureses in lightly chloralosed dogs. Intrafemoral injections of identical solutions of hypertonic saline and urea were done with resulting slight diureses, reflex flexing of the leg and increased urine osmolarity. Femoral artery injections of hypertonic sodium sulfate are followed by antidiureses which are explained, at least partially, by active reabsorption of the sulfate ion in the proximal renal tubules. The absence of evidence of antidiuretic activity following intrafemoral artery injections and the marked antidiuretic effect demonstrated following intracarotid injections lends support to the theory of central localization of the osmotic control center.

scholarly journals Modern Approach in Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvedina Kapić ◽  
Fahir Bečić ◽  
Maida Todić
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Enuresis Nocturna ◽  
Substitution Therapy ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Agonistic Effect

In this paper we have reviewed the possition of desmopressin in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin, with more pronounced antidiuretic effect. It is treatment of choice in substitution therapy of diabetes insipidus. Its application before sleeping time can reduce nocturnal enuresis, so it has a place in the treatment of enuresis nocturna. Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin is the result of agonistic effect on V2 receptors in the renal tubules. The efficacy and safety of desmopressin in mentioned indications was confirmed in clinical studies.

scholarly journals Deterioration Regularity of Sodium Sulfate Solution Attack on Cemented Coal Gangue-Fly Ash Backfill under Drying-Wetting Cycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shaojie Chen ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Dawei Yin ◽  
Junbiao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Coal Gangue ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Sodium Sulfate Solution ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Ion Contents ◽  
The Masses

To research the properties of cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (CGFB) exposed to different concentrations of sodium sulfate solutions under drying-wetting cycles, the mass changes, uniaxial compressive strengths, sulfate ion contents at different depths, and microstructures of CGFB samples were measured in this study. The results show that the CGFB samples were damaged by salt crystallization in the dry state and attacked by the expansive products in the wet state. The sulfate ion contents in CGFB samples increased with the sulfate concentrations and drying-wetting cycles and decreased from the surface to the inside of the samples. The damage process of CGFB samples evolved from the surface to the inside. In the early stage of corrosion, sulfate ions adsorbed to the surface of CGFB samples and consumed nonhydrated particles to form acicular ettringite and other products that filled the material pores. For this stage, the driving force of sulfate ions to enter into the CGFB samples was the highest for the samples immersed in 15% sodium sulfate solution, and the masses and strengths increased the fastest. As the drying-wetting cycles continued, the nonhydrated particles inside the samples were nearly completely hydrated, and the samples were constantly damaged by salt crystallization and dissolution. The corrosion ions entered into the samples and consumed portlandite to produce a large amount of prismatic ettringite and aggravated the internal corrosion of CGFB samples. At the fifteenth drying-wetting cycle, the higher the salt concentration of the immersion solution was, the faster the masses and the strengths of CGFB samples decreased. Moreover, the surface spalling and failure of CGFB samples were more severe.

ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TOAD CHOROID PLEXUS

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
H. HELLER
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Neural Lobe ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Choroid Plexuses

SUMMARY Acetic acid extracts of toad choroid plexuses had an antidiuretic effect in water-loaded ethanol-anaesthetized rats, whose pattern was similar to that produced by toad neural lobe extracts and by arginine vasopressin. The antidiuretic activity of the choroid plexus extracts was completely abolished by treatment with sodium thioglycollate. Antidiuretic activity per milligram choroid plexus was about four times higher in the plexus of the third ventricle than in the plexus of the fourth ventricle. The antidiuretic activity of both choroid plexuses increased progressively during the summer and autumn and reached its peak in October; it then fell to very low or undetectable levels during the middle of the winter and spring. The choroid plexuses also showed seasonal variations in their ultrastructural organization, which might be related to the seasonal variations of their antidiuretic activity. The origin of the substance(s) responsible for the antidiuretic activity in the choroid plexuses is discussed.

Study on New Tea Soap Based Chelating Agent Synthetic Materials and the Repairing Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 416-417 ◽  
pp. 1708-1711
Author(s):  
Bang Jiang Li ◽  
Long Chang Wang ◽  
Ming Zhong Long
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Ion Removal ◽  
Tea Saponin

By water extraction, precipitation method we can extract tea saponin from tea seed cake and design and synthesize the new green tea soap based chelating agent in the synthesis design (tea saponin sodium sulfate). Study on the surface properties, the surface tension is lower than the tea saponin, and the value of HLB, foaming ability and foam stability are better than that of tea saponin. At the same time, considering the effects of heavy metal rate oscillation time, chelating agent concentration, pH and ionic strength on the chelating agent to remove, the results show that with the increase of oscillation, the removal rate and time of heavy metal concentration increase, and decrease with the increase of ionic strength and pH, thus concluding the optimum process of the removal of pb2+, cd2+ ions: the oscillation time is 12h, the mass fraction is 7%,the concentration of Ca (NO3)2 is 5.0, 0.01mol/L. Under this condition, ion removal rate of pb2+, cd2+ ions is the highest. The removal rate of tea saponin sodium sulfate ion on Cd2 is higher than Pb2 + ions, and these two kinds of tea saponin sodium sulfate ion removal rate are higher than that of tea saponin, improvement effect is obvious especially for Pb2 + ion removal rate.

DETERMINATION OF ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN THE RAT FOR STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES

1967 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pliška ◽  
Ivan Rychlík
Keyword(s):  
Dose Range ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Neurohypophysial Hormones ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin ◽  
Structural Analogues ◽  
Determination Of Parameters

ABSTRACT A procedure for measuring the antidiuretic activity of the neurohypophysial hormones and their synthetic structural analogues in the hydrated rat in the dose range of 5–100 antidiuretic microunits is described. The technique of measurement allows the determination of diuresis over one-minute intervals, as well as the total amount of urine excreted over longer periods. The precision of the measurement is greatly increased by the use of a drop divider. The electrical conductivity of the urine is continuously recorded, and the conductivity and creatinine clearance are correlated with the urine flow. These techniques allow the precise determination of parameters such as the half-life of the antidiuretic effect, formal elimination constants, etc.; they can therefore serve for the comparison even of analogues showing qualitative differences in their antidiuretic effects from the chosen standard (arginine or lysine vasopressin), e. g. analogues of the hormonogen type with prolonged effects.

Methylurea and Acetamide: Active Reabsorption by Elasmobranch Renal Tubules

Science ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 146 (3651) ◽  
pp. 1587-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
L. Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Active Reabsorption

ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN BLOOD OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GINSBURG ◽  
H. HELLER
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Ether Anaesthesia ◽  
Vascular Area

1. The antidiuretic potencies of blood, serum and plasma obtained from various parts of the cardiovascular system of rats were compared. 2. External jugular blood was found to have higher activity than blood from the other sites. After hypophysectomy the antidiuretic potency of external jugular blood was much diminished. 3. The antidiuretic activity of hepatic and renal venous blood was lower than that of arterial blood, suggesting that antidiuretic hormone is removed from blood during passage through the splanchnic vascular area or the kidneys, or both. 4. The antidiuretic potency of blood was shown to increase with the volume of blood withdrawn. 5. Ether anaesthesia increased the antidiuretic activity of external jugular blood. 6. The antidiuretic activity of carotid serum when given subcutaneously was higher than that of carotid plasma. This difference was not seen after intravenous injections. 7. In sheep and in mice, plasma of blood from the external jugular veins had more antidiuretic effect than plasma from other sites.

Sulfate-Ion Diffusion Regularity and Reaction Mechanism of Sodium Sulfate Attack on Carbonized Concrete

2008 ◽  
Vol 400-402 ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Xiao Ke Li ◽  
Shun Bo Zhao ◽  
Chang Cheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Sulfate Attack ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Sulfate Solutions

The experiment has been carried out to study the sodium sulfate attack on carbonized concrete. The concrete specimens with strength grade of C50 were first carbonized for 28d in the carbonation box after standard curing, and then immersed into the sodium sulfate solutions of three different concentrations. When the immersed time were up to 30d, 90d, 180d, 270d and 360d, the sulfate-ion concentrations of every layer from the surface to the inside of concrete specimen were measured by the chemical titration method. Based on the test results, the sulfate-ion diffusion regularity and the reaction mechanism of carbonized concrete are analyzed. It can be concluded that the sulfate-ion diffusion regularity and the reaction mechanism of carbonized concrete is completely different from that of un-carbonized concrete, the diffusion of sulfate-ion occupies advantage in the pore water of carbonized concrete, which increases the depth of concrete specimen attacked by sulfate solution.

Influence of unreabsorbed anions on renal threshold and Tm for bicarbonate

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd C. Rector ◽  
Donald W. Seldin
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Anion Effect ◽  
Renal Threshold ◽  
Reabsorptive Capacity ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme

The relation of HCO3– reabsorption to excretion was examined in dogs with normal pCO2, increased plasma pCO2, and during the administration of acetazolamide. In the presence of an intact carbonic anhydrase enzyme system HCO3– excretion began when HCO3– reabsorption exceeded 75% of the HCO3– reabsorptive capacity. Respiratory acidosis augments the HCO3– Tm without altering the pattern of HCO3– excretion which commences at near-capacity levels. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide lowers the HCO3– Tm, enormously exaggerates the HCO3– leak, and prevents the production of HCO3–-free urine at all levels of plasma HCO3–. Sodium sulfate markedly diminishes the excretion of HCO3– before the Tm is reached, both in the presence or absence of carbonic anhydrase activity, but has no effect on the HCO3– Tm, suggesting that the presence of unreabsorbed anion influences the ability of renal tubules to generate a gradient without influencing total H+ transport. It is suggested that SO4– can induce this effect because it is an unreabsorbed anion. Reasons are advanced that the anion effect occurs in the distal, not proximal, tubule and is mediated by a rise in transtubular potential.

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