scholarly journals Role of lipolysis in postoral and oral fat preferences in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (3) ◽  
pp. R434-R441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Karen Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Fat Emulsions ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Choice Tests

Fatty acid receptors in the mouth and gut are implicated in the appetite for fat-rich foods. The role of lipolysis in oral- and postoral-based fat preferences of C57BL/6J mice was investigated by inhibiting lipase enzymes with orlistat. Experiment 1 showed that postoral lipolysis is required: mice learned to prefer (by 70%) a flavored solution paired with intragastric infusions of 5% soybean oil but not a flavor paired with soybean oil + orlistat (4 mg/g fat) infusions. Experiments 2–4 tested the oral attraction to oil in mice given brief choice tests that minimize postoral effects. In experiment 2, the same low orlistat dose did not reduce the strong (83–94%) preference for 2.5 or 5% soybean oil relative to fat-free vehicle in 3-min tests. Mice in experiment 3 given choice tests between two fat emulsions (2% triolein, corn oil, or soybean oil) with or without orlistat at a high dose (250 mg/g fat) preferred triolein (72%) and soybean oil (67%) without orlistat to the oil with orlistat but were indifferent to corn oil with and without orlistat. In experiment 4, mice preferred 2% triolein (62%) or soybean oil (89%) to vehicle when both choices contained orlistat (250 mg/g fat). Fatty acid receptors are thus essential for postoral but not oral-based preferences. Both triglyceride and fatty acid taste receptors may mediate oral fat preferences.

Role of Pancreatic Digestion in Cholesterol Absorption

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Lin ◽  
Esko Karvinen ◽  
A. C. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Endogenous Cholesterol

The exclusion of pancreatic juice had no significant effect on elimination of endogenous cholesterol in the rat but increased it slightly in three dogs. Forty per cent of the dietary cholesterol was absorbed without and with pancreatic exclusion in the presence of a fat-free diet. Hence, pancreatic juice is not specifically necessary for the absorption of cholesterol. Pancreatic exclusion had no effect on the absorption of either dietary cholesterol or fatty acid, or both, when oleic and palmitic acid were fed. This indicates that any effect pancreatic exclusion may exert on cholesterol absorption when a fat containing diet is fed depends on the change in the utilization of the fat resulting from the exclusion. In the case of corn oil, triolein, trielaidin and tallow but not with tripalmitin, pancreatic exclusion was followed by an increased fecal elimination of both fatty acid and cholesterol. The increment of fatty acid elimination was large enough to dissolve the excess cholesterol excreted in the rats with pancreatic exclusion, except in the case of trielaidin. The only statistically significant decrease in the absorption of dietary cholesterol which resulted from pancreatic exclusion occurred when one of the unsaturated fatty acid esters, namely, corn oil, triolein, or trielaidin was the fat fed. These observations fail to show that pancreatic cholesterol esterase plays a specifically essential role in the absorption of free dietary cholesterol.

High-fat diet preference and overeating mediated by postingestive factors in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. R1511-R1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Lucas ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Flavor Preference ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Selection Of

The role of postingestive factors in the preference for and overconsumption of high-fat (HF) foods, relative to high-carbohydrate (HC) foods, was investigated using a self-regulated intragastric feeding procedure. On one-bottle training days, rats drank one flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS) + HF] paired with intragastric infusions of an HF liquid diet, a second flavored solution (CS+HC) paired with an HC liquid diet, and a third flavored solution (CS−) paired with intragastric water. The diets had the same energy and protein content; the CS solutions and infusions along with chow were available ad libitum. The rats drank more CS and self-infused more diet on HF than HC training days. In two-bottle choice tests, the rats preferred the CS+HF to the CS+HC and both CS+HF and CS+HC to the CS−. The rats consumed more CS+HF than CS+HC by taking more bouts per day; bout sizes did not reliably differ. In a subsequent experiment, rats preferred the CS+HF even though diet intakes in training were matched. In a final experiment, the CS+HC and CS+HF intakes were equated in training by diluting the HC diet. Now the rats did not reliably prefer the CS+HF to the CS+HC, yet caloric intakes were much higher on CS+HF than CS+HC training days. Thus, relative to an isocaloric HC diet, the postingestive effects of HF diets stimulate overeating and condition a stronger flavor preference. Reduced satiety rather than increased reinforcement may be the direct promoter of overeating. However, postingestive reinforcement may enhance the selection of HF foods when a choice of HF and HC foods is available.

scholarly journals Different Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Tissue Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Murru ◽  
Paula A. Lopes ◽  
Gianfranca Carta ◽  
Claudia Manca ◽  
Armita Abolghasemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Stearidonic Acid ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Tissue Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Rat Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose

We investigated the influence of different dietary formulation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on rat tissue fatty acid (FA) incorporation and consequent modulation of their bioactive metabolite N-acylethanolamines (NAE). For 10 weeks, rats were fed diets with 12% of fat from milk + 4% soybean oil and 4% of oils with different n-3 PUFA species: soybean oil as control, linseed oil rich in α-linolenic (ALA), Buglossoides arvensis oil rich in ALA and stearidonic acid (SDA), fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Nannochloropsis microalga oil rich in EPA or Schizochytrium microalga oil rich in DHA. FA and NAE profiles were determined in plasma, liver, brain and adipose tissues. Different dietary n-3 PUFA distinctively influenced tissue FA profiles and consequently NAE tissue concentrations. Interestingly, in visceral adipose tissue the levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA), NAE derived from arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA, respectively, significantly correlated with NAE in plasma, and circulating DHEA levels were also correlated with those in liver and brain. Circulating NAE derived from stearic acid, stearoylethanolamide (SEA), palmitic acid and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) correlated with their liver concentrations. Our data indicate that dietary n-3 PUFA are not all the same in terms of altering tissue FA and NAE concentrations. In addition, correlation analyses suggest that NAE levels in plasma may reflect their concentration in specific tissues. Given the receptor-mediated tissue specific metabolic role of each NAE, a personalized formulation of dietary n-3 PUFA might potentially produce tailored metabolic effects in different pathophysiological conditions.

scholarly journals Post-oral appetite stimulation by sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (7) ◽  
pp. R840-R853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Zukerman ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Preference Conditioning ◽  
Preference Experiment ◽  
Appetite Stimulation

Post-oral sugar actions enhance the intake of and preference for sugar-rich foods, a process referred to as appetition. Here, we investigated the role of intestinal sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) in sugar appetition in C57BL/6J mice using sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs that differ in their affinity for SGLT1 and SGLT3. In experiments 1 and 2, food-restricted mice were trained (1 h/day) to consume a flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS−)] paired with intragastric (IG) self-infusions of water and a different flavored solution (CS+) paired with infusions of 8 or 12% sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or sugar analogs (α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside, MDG; 3-O-methyl-d-glucopyranoside, OMG). Subsequent two-bottle CS+ vs. CS− choice tests were conducted without coinfusions. Infusions of the SGLT1 ligands glucose, galactose, MDG, and OMG stimulated CS+ licking above CS− levels. However, only glucose, MDG, and galactose conditioned significant CS+ preferences, with the SGLT3 ligands (glucose, MDG) producing the strongest preferences. Fructose, which is not a ligand for SGLTs, failed to stimulate CS+ intake or preference. Experiment 3 revealed that IG infusion of MDG+phloridzin (an SGLT1/3 antagonist) blocked MDG appetition, whereas phloridzin had minimal effects on glucose-induced appetition. However, adding phloretin (a GLUT2 antagonist) to the glucose+phloridzin infusion blocked glucose appetition. Taken together, these findings suggest that humoral signals generated by intestinal SGLT1 and SGLT3, and to a lesser degree, GLUT2, mediate post-oral sugar appetition in mice. The MDG results indicate that sugar metabolism is not essential for the post-oral intake-stimulating and preference-conditioning actions of sugars in mice.

scholarly journals GPR40 and GPR120 fatty acid sensors are critical for postoral but not oral mediation of fat preferences in the mouse

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (12) ◽  
pp. R1490-R1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Steven Zukerman ◽  
Karen Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Acid Sensors

In addition to orosensory signals, postoral actions of fat stimulate appetite and condition flavor preferences, but the gut sensors mediating these responses are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the fatty acid sensors GPR40 and GPR120 in postoral and oral preferences for a soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid). Mice were trained to drink a flavored solution (CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) oil infusions and another flavored solution (CS−) paired with water infusions. Knockout (KO) mice missing GPR40 or GPR120 sensors increased their CS+ intake in one-bottle tests (1 h/day) but less so than wild-type (WT) mice. The KO mice also preferred the CS+ to CS− in a two-bottle test, but the preference was attenuated in GPR40 KO mice. Double-knockout (DoKO) mice missing both GPR40 and GPR120 displayed attenuated stimulation of CS+ intake and only a marginal CS+ preference. The DoKO mice developed a more substantial CS+ preference when tested 24 h/day, although weaker than that of WT mice. The DoKO mice also consumed less of the CS+ paired with IG Intralipid, as well as less Intralipid in oral tests. However, DoKO mice, like GPR40 KO and GPR120 KO mice did not differ from WT mice in their preference for Intralipid over water at 0.001%-20% concentrations. In contrast to prior results obtained with mice missing the CD36 fatty acid sensor, these findings indicate that, together, GPR40 and GPR120 play a critical role in the postoral stimulation of appetite by fat but are not essential for oral fat preferences.

CD36 gene deletion reduces fat preference and intake but not post-oral fat conditioning in mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (5) ◽  
pp. R1823-R1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sclafani ◽  
K. Ackroff ◽  
N. A. Abumrad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Fat Preference ◽  
Cd36 Gene

Several findings suggest the existence of a “fatty” taste, and the CD36 fatty acid translocase is a candidate taste receptor. The present study compared fat preference and acceptance in CD36 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice using nutritive (triglyceride and fatty acid) and nonnutritive (Sefa Soyate oil) emulsions. In two-bottle tests (24 h/day) naive KO mice, unlike WT mice, displayed little or no preference for dilute soybean oil, linoleic acid, or Sefa Soyate emulsions. At high concentrations (2.5–20%), KO mice developed significant soybean oil preferences, although they consumed less oil than WT mice. The postoral actions of fat likely conditioned these preferences. KO mice, like WT mice, learned to prefer a flavored solution paired with intragastric soybean oil infusions. These findings support CD36 mediation of a gustatory component to fat preference but demonstrate that it is not essential for fat-conditioned flavor preferences. The finding that oil-naive KO mice failed to prefer a nonnutritive oil, assumed to provide texture rather than taste cues, requires explanation. Finally, CD36 deletion decreased fat consumption and enhanced the ability of the mice to compensate for the calories provided by their optional fat intake.

Sugar and fat conditioned flavor preferences in C57BL/6J and 129 mice: oral and postoral interactions

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. R712-R720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
John I. Glendinning
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Preference Tests ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Conditioned Flavor

C57BL/6J (B6) mice consume more sugar and fat solutions than do 129 mice in 24-h preference tests. Previous studies have attributed this observation to strain differences in taste responsiveness to these nutrients. We tested the hypothesis that differences in postingestive responsiveness contribute to the strain differences. In experiment 1, B6 and 129 mice were trained to associate consumption of a flavored solution (CS+) with intragastric (IG) infusions of 16% sucrose and a different flavored solution (CS−) with IG water infusions (22 h/day). They were then retrained with new flavors paired with IG infusions of 5.6% soybean oil and water. Although both strains developed preferences for the nutrient-paired CS+ solutions, the B6 mice displayed significantly stronger preferences. The B6 mice consumed more CS+ during training, which may have contributed to their enhanced preference. In a second experiment, training intakes were equated by giving B6 and 129 mice “isosweet” CS solutions prepared with different amounts of sucrose and saccharin. The B6 and 129 mice consumed more of the sugar- or fat-paired CS+ than the water-paired CS− during training. The two strains also displayed equally strong preferences for the CS+ over CS− in choice tests, indicating that they had similar postingestive responsiveness to the sucrose and soybean oil. We propose that B6 mice consume more sugar and fat than 129 mice because their stronger orosensory response stimulates greater intake, which leads to greater stimulation of postingestive nutrient detectors and further enhancement of consumption.

Pre-emptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief in Children – Role of Paracetamol

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Rubina Yasmin ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
Paresh Chandra Sarker ◽  
Neaz Ahmed ◽  
Ranadhir Kumar Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Induction Of Anaesthesia

This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Dept. of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care Medicine, BSMMU, Dhaka, during the period of May 2003 to July 2003. The study was done to emphasize the importance of giving analgesics preemptively instead of waiting for the child to complain of pain and to produce smooth recovery after surgery by decreasing immediate postoperative pain in children by a simple, safe acceptable drug. The children scheduled for tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were recruited in this study. The analgesic efficiency of rectal paracetamol in two doses, 25 mg/kg bodywt.(Gr-P25) and 50 mg/kg. bodywt. (Gr-P50) were compared with Diclofenac Sodium suppository 1mg/ kg body weight (Gr-D) given half an hour before induction of anaesthesia. Pain scoring was done by TPPPS (Toddler Pre-schooler postoperative pain scale). Heart rate and blood pressure were stable in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Time of first demand of analgesic was delayed in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Total paracetamol consumption in 24 hours was less in Gr-P50(181±14.25) and Gr-D (212±25) than Gr-P25(318± 26.39). Total duration of analgesia in Gr- P50 (657±9.94) mins. and in Gr- D(502±10.63) mins. and in Gr-P25(288±23.17) mins. Pre-emptive high dose rectal paracetamol appears to be more effective than diclofenac sodium suppository for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Journal of BSA, Vol. 18, No. 1 & 2, 2005 p.9-16

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