scholarly journals Post-oral appetite stimulation by sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (7) ◽  
pp. R840-R853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Zukerman ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Preference Conditioning ◽  
Preference Experiment ◽  
Appetite Stimulation

Post-oral sugar actions enhance the intake of and preference for sugar-rich foods, a process referred to as appetition. Here, we investigated the role of intestinal sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) in sugar appetition in C57BL/6J mice using sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs that differ in their affinity for SGLT1 and SGLT3. In experiments 1 and 2, food-restricted mice were trained (1 h/day) to consume a flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS−)] paired with intragastric (IG) self-infusions of water and a different flavored solution (CS+) paired with infusions of 8 or 12% sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or sugar analogs (α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside, MDG; 3-O-methyl-d-glucopyranoside, OMG). Subsequent two-bottle CS+ vs. CS− choice tests were conducted without coinfusions. Infusions of the SGLT1 ligands glucose, galactose, MDG, and OMG stimulated CS+ licking above CS− levels. However, only glucose, MDG, and galactose conditioned significant CS+ preferences, with the SGLT3 ligands (glucose, MDG) producing the strongest preferences. Fructose, which is not a ligand for SGLTs, failed to stimulate CS+ intake or preference. Experiment 3 revealed that IG infusion of MDG+phloridzin (an SGLT1/3 antagonist) blocked MDG appetition, whereas phloridzin had minimal effects on glucose-induced appetition. However, adding phloretin (a GLUT2 antagonist) to the glucose+phloridzin infusion blocked glucose appetition. Taken together, these findings suggest that humoral signals generated by intestinal SGLT1 and SGLT3, and to a lesser degree, GLUT2, mediate post-oral sugar appetition in mice. The MDG results indicate that sugar metabolism is not essential for the post-oral intake-stimulating and preference-conditioning actions of sugars in mice.

scholarly journals SGLT1 sugar transporter/sensor is required for post-oral glucose appetition

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (7) ◽  
pp. R631-R639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Hermann Koepsell ◽  
Karen Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Recent findings suggest that the intestinal sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) glucose transporter and sensor mediates, in part, the appetite-stimulation actions of intragastric (IG) glucose and nonmetabolizable α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (MDG) infusions in mice. Here, we investigated the role of SGLT1 in sugar conditioning using SGLT1 knockout (KO) and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice. An initial experiment revealed that both KO and WT mice maintained on a very low-carbohydrate diet display normal preferences for saccharin, which was used in the flavored conditioned stimulus (CS) solutions. In experiment 2, mice were trained to drink one flavored solution (CS+) paired with an IG MDG infusion and a different flavored solution (CS−) paired with IG water infusion. In contrast to WT mice, KO mice decreased rather than increased the intake of the CS+ during training and failed to prefer the CS+ over the CS− in a choice test. In experiment 3, the KO mice also decreased their intake of a CS+ paired with IG glucose and avoided the CS+ in a choice test, unlike WT mice, which preferred the CS+ to CS−. In experiment 4, KO mice, like WT mice preferred a glucose + saccharin solution to a saccharin solution. These findings support the involvement of SGLT1 in post-oral glucose and MDG conditioning. The results also indicate that sugar malabsorption in KO mice has inhibitory effects on sugar intake but does not block their natural preference for sweet taste.

High-fat diet preference and overeating mediated by postingestive factors in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. R1511-R1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Lucas ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Flavor Preference ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Selection Of

The role of postingestive factors in the preference for and overconsumption of high-fat (HF) foods, relative to high-carbohydrate (HC) foods, was investigated using a self-regulated intragastric feeding procedure. On one-bottle training days, rats drank one flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS) + HF] paired with intragastric infusions of an HF liquid diet, a second flavored solution (CS+HC) paired with an HC liquid diet, and a third flavored solution (CS−) paired with intragastric water. The diets had the same energy and protein content; the CS solutions and infusions along with chow were available ad libitum. The rats drank more CS and self-infused more diet on HF than HC training days. In two-bottle choice tests, the rats preferred the CS+HF to the CS+HC and both CS+HF and CS+HC to the CS−. The rats consumed more CS+HF than CS+HC by taking more bouts per day; bout sizes did not reliably differ. In a subsequent experiment, rats preferred the CS+HF even though diet intakes in training were matched. In a final experiment, the CS+HC and CS+HF intakes were equated in training by diluting the HC diet. Now the rats did not reliably prefer the CS+HF to the CS+HC, yet caloric intakes were much higher on CS+HF than CS+HC training days. Thus, relative to an isocaloric HC diet, the postingestive effects of HF diets stimulate overeating and condition a stronger flavor preference. Reduced satiety rather than increased reinforcement may be the direct promoter of overeating. However, postingestive reinforcement may enhance the selection of HF foods when a choice of HF and HC foods is available.

scholarly journals Role of lipolysis in postoral and oral fat preferences in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (3) ◽  
pp. R434-R441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Karen Ackroff
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Fat Emulsions ◽  
Flavored Solution ◽  
Choice Tests

Fatty acid receptors in the mouth and gut are implicated in the appetite for fat-rich foods. The role of lipolysis in oral- and postoral-based fat preferences of C57BL/6J mice was investigated by inhibiting lipase enzymes with orlistat. Experiment 1 showed that postoral lipolysis is required: mice learned to prefer (by 70%) a flavored solution paired with intragastric infusions of 5% soybean oil but not a flavor paired with soybean oil + orlistat (4 mg/g fat) infusions. Experiments 2–4 tested the oral attraction to oil in mice given brief choice tests that minimize postoral effects. In experiment 2, the same low orlistat dose did not reduce the strong (83–94%) preference for 2.5 or 5% soybean oil relative to fat-free vehicle in 3-min tests. Mice in experiment 3 given choice tests between two fat emulsions (2% triolein, corn oil, or soybean oil) with or without orlistat at a high dose (250 mg/g fat) preferred triolein (72%) and soybean oil (67%) without orlistat to the oil with orlistat but were indifferent to corn oil with and without orlistat. In experiment 4, mice preferred 2% triolein (62%) or soybean oil (89%) to vehicle when both choices contained orlistat (250 mg/g fat). Fatty acid receptors are thus essential for postoral but not oral-based preferences. Both triglyceride and fatty acid taste receptors may mediate oral fat preferences.

scholarly journals The Role of Context Conditioning in the Reinstatement of Responding to an Alcohol-Predictive Conditioned Stimulus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Rita LeCocq ◽  
Sophie Sun ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Context Conditioning ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Exposure Session ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
Conditioned Responding

Re-exposure to an unconditioned stimulus (US) can reinstate extinguished conditioned responding elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS). We tested the hypothesis that the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive CS is driven by an excitatory association formed between the US and the context that the US was ingested in during US re-exposure. Male, Long-Evans rats were acclimated to drinking alcohol (15%, v/v) in the home-cage, then trained to associate an auditory CS with an alcohol-US that was delivered into a fluid port for oral intake. During subsequent extinction sessions, the CS was presented as before, but without alcohol. After extinction, rats were re-exposed to alcohol as in training, but without the CS (US re-exposure). 24 h later at test, the CS was presented as in training, but without alcohol. First, we tested the effect of extinguishing the context-alcohol association, formed during alcohol re-exposure, on reinstatement. Conducting four context extinction sessions across four days (spaced extinction) after the US re-exposure session did not impact reinstatement. However, four context extinction sessions conducted across two days (massed extinction) prevented reinstatement. Next, we conducted alcohol re-exposure in a context that either differed from, or was the same as, the test context. One alcohol re-exposure session in a different context did not affect reinstatement, however, three alcohol re-exposure sessions in a different context significantly reduced reinstatement during the first CS trial. These results partially support the view that a context-US association formed during US re-exposure drives the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive, alcohol-predictive CS.

scholarly journals Perceptual salience influences food choices independently of health and taste preferences

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dai ◽  
Jeremy Cone ◽  
Jeff Moher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Choice Tests

Abstract Background Making decisions about food is a critical part of everyday life and a principal concern for a number of public health issues. Yet, the mechanisms involved in how people decide what to eat are not yet fully understood. Here, we examined the role of visual attention in healthy eating intentions and choices. We conducted two-alternative forced choice tests of competing food stimuli that paired healthy and unhealthy foods that varied in taste preference. We manipulated their perceptual salience such that, in some cases, one food item was more perceptually salient than the other. In addition, we manipulated the cognitive load and time pressure to test the generalizability of the salience effect. Results Manipulating salience had a powerful effect on choice in all situations; even when an unhealthy but tastier food was presented as an alternative, healthy food options were selected more often when they were perceptually salient. Moreover, in a second experiment, food choices on one trial impacted food choices on subsequent trials; when a participant chose the healthy option, they were more likely to choose a healthy option again on the next trial. Furthermore, robust effects of salience on food choice were observed across situations of high cognitive load and time pressure. Conclusions These results have implications both for understanding the mechanisms of food-related decision-making and for implementing interventions that might make it easier for people to make healthy eating choices.

scholarly journals Zinc as a complementary treatment for cancer patients: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hoppe ◽  
S. Kutschan ◽  
J. Dörfler ◽  
J. Büntzel ◽  
J. Büntzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Quality Reporting ◽  
Evidenced Based

AbstractZinc is a trace element that plays an important role in the immune system and cell growth. The role of zinc in cancer treatment has been discussed for some time, however without reaching an evidenced-based consensus. Therefore, we aim to critically examine and review existing evidence on the role of zinc during cancer treatment. In January 2019, a systematic search was conducted searching five electronic databases (Embase, Cochrane, PsychINFO, CINAHL and PubMed) to find studies concerning the use, effectiveness and potential harm of zinc therapy on cancer patients. Out of initial 5244 search results, 19 publications concerning 23 studies with 1230 patients were included in this systematic review. The patients treated with zinc were mainly diagnosed with head and neck cancer and underwent chemo-, radio- or concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Interventions included the intake of different amounts of zinc supplements and oral zinc rinses. Outcomes (primary endpoints) investigated were mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, pain, weight, dermatitis and oral intake of nutrients. Secondary endpoints were survival data, quality of life assessments and aspects of fatigue, immune responses and toxicities of zinc. The studies were of moderate quality reporting heterogeneous results. Studies have shown a positive impact on the mucositis after radiotherapy. No protection was seen against mucositis after chemotherapy. There was a trend to reduced loss of taste, less dry mouth and oral pain after zinc substitution. No impact was seen on weight, QoL measurements, fatigue, and survival. The risk of side effects from zinc appears to be relatively small. Zinc could be useful in the prevention of oral toxicities during irradiation. It does not help in chemotherapy-induced side effects.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Registered Dietitians in the Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum in the United Kingdom

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1964
Author(s):  
Kate Maslin ◽  
Hazel A. Billson ◽  
Caitlin R. Dean ◽  
Julie Abayomi
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Registered Dietitians ◽  
Oral Nutrition ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Referral Criteria ◽  
Patient Resources

Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is a condition at the extreme end of the pregnancy sickness spectrum, which can cause poor oral intake, malnutrition, dehydration and weight loss. The aim of this study is to explore the role of Registered Dietitians (RD) in the management of HG in the United Kingdom (UK). A survey was designed and distributed electronically to members of the British Dietetic Association. There were 45 respondents, 76% (n = 34) worked in secondary care hospitals, 11% (n = 5) were in maternal health specialist roles. The most commonly used referral criteria was the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (40%, n = 18), followed by second admission (36%, n = 16). However 36% (n = 16) reported no specific referral criteria. About 87% (n = 37) of respondents did not have specific clinical guidelines to follow. Oral nutrition supplements were used by 73% (n = 33) either ‘sometimes’ or ‘most of the time’. Enteral and parenteral nutrition were less commonly used. There was an inconsistent use of referral criteria to dietetic services and a lack of specific clinical guidelines and patient resources. Further training for all clinicians and earlier recognition of malnutrition, alongside investment in the role of dietitians were recommended to improve the nutritional care of those with HG.

scholarly journals Role of preoperative cervical alignment on postoperative dysphagia after occipitocervical fusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Midori Miyagi ◽  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Hideki Sekiya ◽  
Satoru Ebihara
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Postoperative Dysphagia ◽  
Occipitocervical Fusion ◽  
Cervical Alignment ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Functional Oral Intake Scale ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: Dysphagia is one of the most serious complications of occipitocervical fusion (OCF). The previous studies have shown that postoperative cervical alignment, documented with occipito (O)-C2 angles, C2-C6 angles, and pharyngeal inlet angles (PIA), impacted the incidence of postoperative dysphagia in patients undergoing OCF. Here, we investigated the relationship of preoperative versus postoperative cervical alignment on the incidence of postoperative dysphagia after OCF. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data/medical charts for 22 patients following OCF (2006– 2019). The O-C2 angles, C2-C6 angles, PIA, and narrowest pharyngeal airway spaces (nPAS) were assessed using plain lateral radiographs of the cervical spine before and after the surgery. The severity of dysphagia was assessed with the functional oral intake scale (FOIS) levels as documented in medical charts; based on this, patients were classified into the nondysphagia (FOIS: 7) versus dysphagia (FOIS: 1–6) groups. Results: Seven patients (35%) experienced dysphagia after OCF surgery. Preoperative PIA and nPAS were smaller in the dysphagia group. Spearman rank correlation showed a positive correlation between preoperative PIA and FOIS and between preoperative nPAS and FOIS. Conclusion: This study suggests that preoperative cervical alignment may best predict the incidence of postoperative dysphagia after OCF.

scholarly journals Heart transplantation in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: delirium, post-transplant depression, and visitor restrictions; the role of liaison and inpatient psychosomatic treatment—a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sadlonova ◽  
Birgit Gerecke ◽  
Christoph Herrmann-Lingen ◽  
Ingo Kutschka
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Heart Transplant ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Orthotopic Heart Transplant ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
End Stage

Abstract Background Heart transplant recipients show a high risk of developing major depression with an increased risk of post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Heart transplant specialists and patients face unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, which have enormous clinical implications such as the increased risk of COVID-19 as well as visitor restrictions with social isolation during the post-transplant inpatient treatment. Case summary We present a case of a 64-year-old woman with end-stage heart failure caused by non-compaction cardiomyopathy who received an orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) without any intra-operative complications. Post-operatively, she showed acute psychotic symptoms in the intensive care unit (ICU) with improvement after switching intravenous tacrolimus treatment to an oral intake. Furthermore, the patient developed severe depressive symptoms with malnutrition and had a prolonged hospitalization. Standard medical care was complemented by intensive psychocardiological treatment to overcome the crisis. Conclusion High complexity of the post-transplant management after OHT underlines the importance of multidisciplinary teamwork, involving heart transplant specialists and allied mental health professionals. This collaboration led to an excellent long-term result. Facing the COVID-19 pandemic, the hospital visitor policies may be scrutinized, carefully looking at the role of social isolation, post-operative experience in the ICU, and medical complications after OHT.

scholarly journals Role of Oral Intake in Maintenance of Gut Mass and Disaccharide Activity

1974 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Levine ◽  
Julius J. Deren ◽  
Ezra Steiger ◽  
Ronald Zinno
Keyword(s):  
Oral Intake
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document