Accessory cells in teleost branchial epithelium

Correlated morphological and cytochemical investigations of the branchial epithelium of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, have revealed a cell type that is invariably associated with chloride cells. These cells, termed “accessory cells,” have been described previously in the teleost pseudobranch (Dunel and Laurent. J. Microsc. Biol. Cell 16:53-74, 1973) but not in the gill proper. Accessory cells are more numerous in pinfish adapted to seawater than to 33% seawater, and in the former participate with chloride cells in the formation of apical crypts. Although accessory cells are much smaller than chloride cells, they possess numerous mitochondria and display an abbreviated labyrinth of plasma membrane-derived tubules. The labyrinth membranes of accessory cells are essentially unreactive, however, when processed for Na-K-ATPase localization by K-nitrophenylphosphatase cytochemistry, whereas chloride cell membranes exhibit copious, ouabain-sensitive reaction products. The zonulae occludentes between accessory cells and chloride cells also appear to be less extensive than those between either of these cells and the flanking pavement cells. These features suggest that accessory cells represent a population of partially differentiated chloride cells.

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Functional and evolutionary implications of the cellular composition of the gill epithelium of feeding adults of a freshwater parasitic species of lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z2012-089 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (10) ◽

pp. 1278-1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Helmut Bartels ◽

Margaret F. Docker ◽

Ursula Fazekas ◽

Ian C. Potter

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Cell Types ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Cellular Composition ◽

Gill Epithelium ◽

Cell Type ◽

Pavement Cells ◽

Parasitic Species ◽

A Cell ◽

Lamprey Species

This paper provides the first description of the cellular composition of the gill epithelium of feeding adults of Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs and Trautman, 1937 (silver lamprey), a parasitic species of lamprey that is confined to fresh water. The surface layer of this epithelium consists solely of pavement cells and intercalated mitochondria-rich cells, which are the only cell types found in all freshwater stages of lampreys and thus considered responsible for the uptake of Na+ and Cl– in hypotonic environments. This epithelium does not contain, however, the chloride cells present during the marine parasitic phase of anadromous lamprey species, such as Petromyzon marinus L., 1758 (sea lamprey), and which are responsible for secreting excess Na+ and Cl–. The absence of this cell type in parasitic adults of I. unicuspis also differs from its presence in parasitic adults of landlocked P. marinus and metamorphosing individuals of the exclusively freshwater nonparasitic species Lethenteron appendix (DeKay, 1842) (American brook lamprey), and which thus reflects the retention of a cell type that was crucial for osmoregulation during the marine phase of their respective anadromous parasitic ancestors. The absence of chloride cells in I. unicuspis is consistent with the hypothesis that Ichthyomyzon, which is at or close to the base of the phylogenetic tree for Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae), evolved in fresh water or has been confined to fresh water for a very long period.

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Metallothionein response in gills ofOreochromis mossambicusexposed to copper in fresh water

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.1.r320 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 277 (1) ◽

pp. R320-R331 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Zhichao Dang ◽

Robert A. C. Lock ◽

Gert Flik ◽

Sjoerd E. Wendelaar Bonga

Keyword(s):

Basal Layer ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Blue Staining ◽

Control Fish ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Alcian Blue Staining ◽

Pavement Cells ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Undifferentiated Cells ◽

Branchial Epithelium

Freshwater Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia) were exposed to 3.2 μmol/l Cu(NO3)2in the water for up to 80 days, and copper (Cu) and immunoreactive metallothionein (irMT) were localized in the branchial epithelium. Cu was demonstrated in mucous cells (MC), chloride cells (CC), pavement cells (PC), respiratory cells (RC), and basal layer cells (BLC) via autometallography combined with alcian blue staining for MC and Na+-K+-ATPase immunostaining for CC and, on the basis of their location in the epithelium of PC, RC, and BLC. In control fish (water with Cu concentration ≤90 nmol/l) incidentally irMT was observed in the area where progenitor cells of the branchial epithelia reside, as demonstrated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. This was also the area where the first increase irMT expression of the Cu exposure was observed. After 2 days of exposure to Cu, irMT was found in CC and PC. From 5 days on, a pronounced irMT staining was observed in BLC of branchial epithelium, which then appeared to migrate and differentiate into mature CC, PC, and RC. We conclude that MT expression in mature CC, PC, and RC requires exposure to Cu in a earlier stage of development of these cells. Once expression is initiated in undifferentiated cells, MT remains expressed throughout the life cycle of the cell.

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Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell (Teraponidae), an endemic Australian freshwater teleost

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9950947 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 947 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R Guo ◽

PB Mather ◽

MF Capra

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Ultrastructural Feature ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Freshwater Teleost ◽

Accessory Cells ◽

Tubular System ◽

Branchial Epithelium ◽

Australian Freshwater ◽

Freshwater Teleosts

Juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, were subjected to direct transfer from fresh water to various test salinities. No mortality was observed when the fish were transferred from fresh water to a salinity of 12, but 40% mortality was observed at a salinity of 15 after seven days. Pre-acclimation of silver perch to a salinity of 12 for seven days resulted in only marginally better survival at higher salinities. Plasma osmotic concentrations of silver perch rose slightly in salinities below 9 but rapidly at higher salinities, following the same track as the iso-osmotic line. Minimum body water content was observed in individuals subjected to a salinity of 15 for 24 h. As found in other freshwater teleosts, chloride cells were found in the branchial epithelium of silver perch. Accessory cells were observed beside the chloride cells in both freshwater and salt-water conditions. Fish subjected to a salinity of 12 for seven days showed chloride cells with a more developed tubular system than controls. The length of the junctions between chloride cells and accessory cells was significantly shorter in fish adapted to a salinity of 12 than in controls. The ultrastructural feature of 'interdigitations' of accessory cells was not observed during salt-water adaptation. These data indicate that silver perch is the least tolerant of high salinities and the most truly freshwater Australian teleost species examined to date.

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In vivo sequential changes in chloride cell morphology in the yolk-sac membrane of mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae during seawater adaptation

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.202.24.3485 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 202 (24) ◽

pp. 3485-3495 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Hiroi ◽

T. Kaneko ◽

M. Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Sea Water ◽

Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽

Yolk Sac ◽

Chloride Cell ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Seawater Adaptation ◽

Accessory Cells

Changes in chloride cell morphology were examined in the yolk-sac membrane of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae transferred from fresh water to sea water. By labelling chloride cells with DASPEI, a fluorescent probe specific for mitochondria, we observed in vivo sequential changes in individual chloride cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In embryos transferred from fresh water to sea water 3 days after fertilization, 75 % of chloride cells survived for 96 h, and cells showed a remarkable increase in size. In contrast, the cell size did not change in embryos and larvae kept in fresh water. The same rate of chloride cell turnover was observed in both fresh water and sea water. Using differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and whole-mount immunocytochemistry with anti-Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, we classified chloride cells into three developmental stages: a single chloride cell without an apical pit, a single chloride cell with an apical pit, and a multicellular complex of chloride and accessory cells with an apical pit. DIC and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that single chloride cells enlarged and were frequently indented by newly differentiated accessory cells to form multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation. These results indicate that freshwater-type single chloride cells are transformed into seawater-type multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation, suggesting plasticity in the ion-transporting functions of chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia embryos and larvae.

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Gill structure of a fish from an alkaline lake: effect of short-term exposure to neutral conditions

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-139 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 1170-1181 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Pierre Laurent ◽

J. N. Maina ◽

Harold L. Bergman ◽

Annie Narahara ◽

Patrick J. Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Pavement Cells ◽

Lake Magadi ◽

Accessory Cells ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Gill Structure ◽

Morphology And Morphometry ◽

Neutral Conditions

The morphology and morphometry of the gills of Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, a unique ureogenic teleost that lives in the alkaline environment of Lake Magadi, Kenya (pH 10, [Formula: see text], temperature 30 – 40 °C) were examined by transmission electron, scanning electron and light microscopy. Fish were examined in normal Lake Magadi water and 2 – 3 or 24 h after transfer to Lake Magadi water neutralized to pH 7 with HCl (i.e., [Formula: see text] replaced with Cl−), a treatment that caused severe reductions in urea excretion and O2 uptake, internal acidosis, and ionoregulatory disturbance. In Lake Magadi water, the organization of the filament epithelium of the gill was similar to that of sea water teleosts. Indeed, chloride cells were located at the bottom of pits bordered by overlying pavement cells and flanked by typical accessory cells. Total numbers of chloride cells remained unchanged after transfer to pH 7, but after 2 – 3 h, many were covered by pavement cells, restricting their communication with the external milieu. At 24 h, this trend was reversed, an observation indicative of a reactivation of chloride cells. Mucous cells were located at maximum density on the trailing edge of the filament; most of them were empty after 24 h at pH 7. The harmonic mean thickness of the lamellar epithelium (blood-to-water diffusion pathway) was very small and not altered by acute or longer term exposure to pH 7. A model of alterations in ion and acid – base transport accompanying the morphological changes is presented.

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Isolation of viable cell types from the gill epithelium of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r363 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (2) ◽

pp. R363-R372 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chris K. C. Wong ◽

D. K. O. Chan

Keyword(s):

Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽

High Purity ◽

Viable Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Chloride Cell ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Gill Epithelium ◽

Isolated Cells ◽

Pavement Cell ◽

Pavement Cells

High-purity viable cells with low mitochondria (pavement cells) and mitochondria-rich content (chloride cells) were successfully isolated from the gill epithelium of Japanese eels, using three-step Percoll gradient low-speed centrifugation. Cytochemistry (silver staining for chloride, rhodamine-123, and Mitotracker for mitochondria and actin/spectrin immunofluorescence) and scanning electron microscope images were used to identify the cell types in the gill epithelium of the eel. Pavement cells were isolated at 97 and 98% purity for freshwater- and seawater-adapted eels, respectively, and chloride cells were obtained at 89 and 92% purity. The enzymatic activities of the isolated cells were determined. Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and succinate dehydrogenase were found mainly in the chloride cell. Alkaline Ca2+-ATPase and low- and high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase were about twice as high in the chloride cell compared with the pavement cell. Transfer of eels to seawater resulted in enlargement of chloride cell sizes and significant increases in Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities, while all Ca2+-ATPases declined by ∼60–80%. This is the first report demonstrating the successful isolation of freshwater chloride cells and also an exclusive method of getting high-purity seawater chloride cells. The isolated cells are viable and suitable for further cytological and molecular studies to elucidate the mechanisms of ionic transport.

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Dendritic cells of the human epidermis: immuno-electron microscopic studies of la antigen reactivity

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100084090 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 644-645

Author(s):

G. Rowden ◽

M. G. Lewis ◽

T. M. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Langerhans Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cell Type ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

La Antigen ◽

Microscopic Studies ◽

A Cell ◽

C3 Receptors ◽

Antigen Reactivity

Langerhans cells of mammalian stratified squamous epithelial have proven to be an enigma since their discovery in 1868. These dendritic suprabasal cells have been considered as related to melanocytes either as effete cells, or as post divisional products. Although grafting experiments seemed to demonstrate the independence of the cell types, much confusion still exists. The presence in the epidermis of a cell type with morphological features seemingly shared by melanocytes and Langerhans cells has been especially troublesome. This so called "indeterminate", or " -dendritic cell" lacks both Langerhans cells granules and melanosomes, yet it is clearly not a keratinocyte. Suggestions have been made that it is related to either Langerhans cells or melanocyte. Recent studies have unequivocally demonstrated that Langerhans cells are independent cells with immune function. They display Fc and C3 receptors on their surface as well as la (immune region associated) antigens.

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