Nitric oxide responses of air-breathing and water-breathing fish

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. R816-R819 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Staples ◽  
W. M. Zapol ◽  
K. D. Bloch ◽  
N. Kawai ◽  
V. M. Val ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Acetylcholine Chloride ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

Nitric oxide (NO), exogenously administered or endogenously produced by NO synthase (NOS), is an important regulator of lung ventilation and perfusion in mammals. This study attempts to investigate the evolutionary history of this system in fish and its possible relationship to air breathing. The gas bladder of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (air-breathing teleost) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-air-breathing teleost) and the lung of Lepidosiren paradoxa (air-breathing dipnoan) all exhibited elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to 1 microM sodium nitroprusside. Only the H. unitaeniatus gas bladder responded to 10 microM acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with increased cGMP levels. The ACh response was inhibited by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, which inhibits NOS. These data suggest that although tissues from each species may respond to exogenous NO, only the gas bladder of H. unitaeniatus appears to synthesize NO through NOS. This is the first report of constitutive NOS outside of the central nervous system in a teleost. These results also imply that NOS did not necessarily coevolve with air breathing in fish.

Study of the Early Telencephalon Genes of Cyclostomes as a Way to Restoring the Evolutionary History of This Unique Part of the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 752-765
Author(s):  
G. V. Ermakova ◽  
A. V. Kucheryavyy ◽  
F. M. Eroshkin ◽  
N. Yu. Martynova ◽  
A. G. Zaraisky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Unique Part

PERIODIC AIR-BREATHING BEHAVIOUR IN A PRIMITIVE FISH REVEALED BY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

1994 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 429-436
Author(s):  
M Hedrick ◽  
S Katz ◽  
D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Ventilatory Pattern ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Amia Calva

The ventilatory patterns of air-breathing fish are commonly described as 'arrhythmic' or 'irregular' because the variable periods of breath-holding are punctuated by seemingly unpredictable air-breathing events (see Shelton et al. 1986). This apparent arrhythmicity contrasts with the perceived periodism or regularity in the gill ventilation patterns of some fish and with lung ventilation in birds and mammals. In this sense, periodism refers to behaviour that occurs with a definite, recurring interval (Bendat and Piersol, 1986). The characterisation of aerial ventilation patterns in fish as 'aperiodic' has been generally accepted on the basis of qualitative examination and it remains to be validated with rigorous testing. The bowfin, Amia calva (L.), is a primitive air-breathing fish that makes intermittent excursions to the air­water interface to gulp air, which is transferred to its well-vascularized gas bladder. Its phylogenetic position as the only extant member of the sister lineage of modern teleosts affords a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of aerial ventilation and provides a model for the examination of ventilatory patterns in primitive fishes. To establish whether Amia calva exhibit a particular pattern of air-breathing, we examined time series records of aerial ventilations from undisturbed fish over long periods (8 h). These records were the same as those used to calculate average ventilation intervals under a variety of experimental conditions (Hedrick and Jones, 1993). Their study also reported the occurrence of two distinct breath types. Type I breaths were characterised by an exhalation followed by an inhalation, whereas type II breaths were characterised by inhalation only. It was also hypothesized that the type I breaths were employed to meet oxygen demands, whereas the type II breaths were used to regulate gas bladder volume. However, they did not investigate the potential presence of a periodic ventilatory pattern. We now report the results of just such an analysis of ventilatory pattern that demonstrates a clear periodism to air-breathing in a primitive fish.

scholarly journals Evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the wing musculature of Drosophila

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire B. Tracy ◽  
Janet Nguyen ◽  
Rayna Abraham ◽  
Troy R. Shirangi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Males And Females

Male courtship songs in Drosophila are exceedingly diverse across species. While much of this variation is understood to have evolved from changes in the central nervous system, evolutionary transitions in the wing muscles that control the song may have also contributed to song diversity. Here, focusing on a group of four wing muscles that are known to influence courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster, we investigate the evolutionary history of wing muscle anatomy of males and females from 19 Drosophila species. We find that three of the wing muscles have evolved sexual dimorphisms in size multiple independent times, whereas one has remained monomorphic in the phylogeny. These data suggest that evolutionary changes in wing muscle anatomy may have contributed to species variation in sexually dimorphic wing-based behaviors, such as courtship song. Moreover, wing muscles appear to differ in their propensity to evolve size dimorphisms, which may reflect variation in the functional constraints acting upon different wing muscles.

Pulmonary ventilation: perfusion relationships in terrestrial and aquatic chelonian reptiles

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2024-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren W. Burggren ◽  
Mogens L. Glass ◽  
Kjell Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Pulmonary Perfusion ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion have been measured directly in unanaesthetized turtles (Pelomedusa subrufa) and tortoises (Testudo pardalis) during normal air breathing and during the inspiration of both hypoxic and hypercapnic gases. Lung ventilation in air was intermittent in both species and particularly in the turtle was accompanied by transient increases in pulmonary perfusion. Hypercapnia (4% CO2 in air) elicited a twofold to threefold increase in pulmonary perfusion but a sixfold increase in pulmonary ventilation in both species. Consequently the ventilation:perfusion ratio more than doubled in value. Unlike the hypercapnic responses, hypoxia (5% O2 in N2) increased pulmonary perfusion by two to five times but increased pulmonary ventilation by less than two times, and so the ventilation:perfusion ratio fell by one-half during hypoxic exposure. These data are interpreted in terms of intermittent breathing and processes of O2 and CO2 transport.

scholarly journals The larval nervous system of the penis worm Priapulus caudatus (Ecdysozoa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1685) ◽  
pp. 20150050 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Martín-Durán ◽  
Gabriella H. Wolff ◽  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld ◽  
Andreas Hejnol
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nervous System Evolution ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tyrosinated Tubulin

The origin and extreme diversification of the animal nervous system is a central question in biology. While most of the attention has traditionally been paid to those lineages with highly elaborated nervous systems (e.g. arthropods, vertebrates, annelids), only the study of the vast animal diversity can deliver a comprehensive view of the evolutionary history of this organ system. In this regard, the phylogenetic position and apparently conservative molecular, morphological and embryological features of priapulid worms (Priapulida) place this animal lineage as a key to understanding the evolution of the Ecdysozoa (i.e. arthropods and nematodes). In this study, we characterize the nervous system of the hatching larva and first lorica larva of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus by immunolabelling against acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin, pCaMKII, serotonin and FMRFamide. Our results show that a circumoral brain and an unpaired ventral nerve with a caudal ganglion characterize the central nervous system of hatching embryos. After the first moult, the larva attains some adult features: a neck ganglion, an introvert plexus, and conspicuous secondary longitudinal neurites. Our study delivers a neuroanatomical framework for future embryological studies in priapulid worms, and helps illuminate the course of nervous system evolution in the Ecdysozoa.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Primary Melanocytoma of the Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord: Case report and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Total Resection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Meningeal Melanocytoma ◽  
Melanocytic Tumors ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Rare Benign Tumor ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Meningeal melanocytoma is a rare benign tumor, most frequently located in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Our objective is to illustrate a case of this tumor that originated in the thoracolumbar area of the spine and had an uneventful clinical course after total resection. Case description: We present the case of a 59 years old woman who presented with a medical history of ongoing neurological deterioration due to spastic paresis of the lower extremities. MRI of the thoracolumbar region identified a melanocytic melanoma as the underlying cause. Conclusions: Melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system have a typical appearance on MRI scans, varying with the content and distribution of melanin. However, the differential diagnosis between malignant melanoma and melanocytoma still depends on pathological criteria. Spinal meningeal melanocytoma has a benign course, and it is amenable for gross total resection. The outcome is favorable following complete resection.

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