scholarly journals Evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the wing musculature of Drosophila

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire B. Tracy ◽  
Janet Nguyen ◽  
Rayna Abraham ◽  
Troy R. Shirangi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Males And Females

Male courtship songs in Drosophila are exceedingly diverse across species. While much of this variation is understood to have evolved from changes in the central nervous system, evolutionary transitions in the wing muscles that control the song may have also contributed to song diversity. Here, focusing on a group of four wing muscles that are known to influence courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster, we investigate the evolutionary history of wing muscle anatomy of males and females from 19 Drosophila species. We find that three of the wing muscles have evolved sexual dimorphisms in size multiple independent times, whereas one has remained monomorphic in the phylogeny. These data suggest that evolutionary changes in wing muscle anatomy may have contributed to species variation in sexually dimorphic wing-based behaviors, such as courtship song. Moreover, wing muscles appear to differ in their propensity to evolve size dimorphisms, which may reflect variation in the functional constraints acting upon different wing muscles.

Study of the Early Telencephalon Genes of Cyclostomes as a Way to Restoring the Evolutionary History of This Unique Part of the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 752-765
Author(s):  
G. V. Ermakova ◽  
A. V. Kucheryavyy ◽  
F. M. Eroshkin ◽  
N. Yu. Martynova ◽  
A. G. Zaraisky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Unique Part

scholarly journals Monophyly, Taxon Sampling, and the Nature of Ranks in the Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Kallal ◽  
Dimitar Dimitrov ◽  
Miquel A Arnedo ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Gustavo Hormiga
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Taxon Sampling ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

Abstract We address some of the taxonomic and classification changes proposed by Kuntner et al. (2019) in a comparative study on the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in nephiline spiders. Their proposal to recircumscribe araneids and to rank the subfamily Nephilinae as a family is fundamentally flawed as it renders the family Araneidae paraphyletic. We discuss the importance of monophyly, outgroup selection, and taxon sampling, the subjectivity of ranks, and the implications of the age of origin criterion to assign categorical ranks in biological classifications. We explore the outcome of applying the approach of Kuntner et al. (2019) to the classification of spiders with emphasis on the ecribellate orb-weavers (Araneoidea) using a recently published dated phylogeny. We discuss the implications of including the putative sister group of Nephilinae (the sexually dimorphic genus Paraplectanoides) and the putative sister group of Araneidae (the miniature, monomorphic family Theridiosomatidae). We propose continuation of the phylogenetic classification put forth by Dimitrov et al. (2017), and we formally rank Nephilinae and Phonognathinae as subfamilies of Araneidae. Our classification better reflects the understanding of the phylogenetic placement and evolutionary history of nephilines and phonognathines while maintaining the diagnosability of Nephilinae. It also fulfills the fundamental requirement that taxa must be monophyletic, and thus avoids the paraphyly of Araneidae implied by Kuntner et al. (2019).

scholarly journals On the tear proteome of the house mouse (Mus musculus musculus) in relation to chemical signalling

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Stopkova ◽  
Petr Klempt ◽  
Barbora Kuntova ◽  
Pavel Stopka
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Major Urinary Proteins ◽  
Mus Musculus Musculus ◽  
Chemical Signalling ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Secreted Peptides ◽  
Odorant Binding

Mammalian tears are produced by lacrimal glands to protect eyes and may function in chemical communication and immunity. Recent studies on the house mouse chemical signalling revealed that major urinary proteins (MUPs) are not individually unique inMus musculus musculus. This fact stimulated us to look for other sexually dimorphic proteins that may—in combination with MUPs—contribute to a pool of chemical signals in tears. MUPs and other lipocalins including odorant binding proteins (OBPs) have the capacity to selectively transport volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their eight-stranded beta barrel, thus we have generated the tear proteome of the house mouse to detect a wider pool of proteins that may be involved in chemical signalling. We have detected significant male-biased (7.8%) and female-biased (7%) proteins in tears. Those proteins that showed the most elevated sexual dimorphisms were highly expressed and belong to MUP, OBP, ESP (i.e., exocrine gland-secreted peptides), and SCGB/ABP (i.e., secretoglobin) families. Thus, tears may have the potential to elicit sex-specific signals in combination by different proteins. Some tear lipocalins are not sexually dimorphic—with MUP20/darcin and OBP6 being good examples—and because all proteins may flow with tears through nasolacrimal ducts to nasal and oral cavities we suggest that their roles are wider than originally thought. Also, we have also detected several sexually dimorphic bactericidal proteins, thus further supporting an idea that males and females may have adopted alternative strategies in controlling microbiota thus yielding different VOC profiles.

scholarly journals Compound Dynamics and Combinatorial Patterns of Amino Acid Repeats Encode a System of Evolutionary and Developmental Markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3159-3178
Author(s):  
Ilaria Pelassa ◽  
Marica Cibelli ◽  
Veronica Villeri ◽  
Elena Lilliu ◽  
Serena Vaglietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Amino Acid Repeats ◽  
Eukaryotic Proteomes ◽  
History Of

Abstract Homopolymeric amino acid repeats (AARs) like polyalanine (polyA) and polyglutamine (polyQ) in some developmental proteins (DPs) regulate certain aspects of organismal morphology and behavior, suggesting an evolutionary role for AARs as developmental “tuning knobs.” It is still unclear, however, whether these are occasional protein-specific phenomena or hints at the existence of a whole AAR-based regulatory system in DPs. Using novel approaches to trace their functional and evolutionary history, we find quantitative evidence supporting a generalized, combinatorial role of AARs in developmental processes with evolutionary implications. We observe nonrandom AAR distributions and combinations in HOX and other DPs, as well as in their interactomes, defining elements of a proteome-wide combinatorial functional code whereby different AARs and their combinations appear preferentially in proteins involved in the development of specific organs/systems. Such functional associations can be either static or display detectable evolutionary dynamics. These findings suggest that progressive changes in AAR occurrence/combination, by altering embryonic development, may have contributed to taxonomic divergence, leaving detectable traces in the evolutionary history of proteomes. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that the evolutionary trajectories of the 20 AARs in eukaryotic proteomes are highly interrelated and their individual or compound dynamics can sharply mark taxonomic boundaries, or display clock-like trends, carrying overall a strong phylogenetic signal. These findings provide quantitative evidence and an interpretive framework outlining a combinatorial system of AARs whose compound dynamics mark at the same time DP functions and evolutionary transitions.

scholarly journals Interspecies comparative metagenomics reveals correlated gut microbiome functional capacities among vertebrates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Gaulke ◽  
Courtney R. Armour ◽  
Ian R. Humphreys ◽  
Laura M. Beaver ◽  
Carrie L. Barton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Comparative Metagenomics ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
History Of

AbstractWhile recent research reveals that the gut microbiome drives vertebrate health, little is known about whether the mechanisms these microbes employ to interact with physiology are consistent across host species. To help close this knowledge gap, we compared gut metagenomes across 10 vertebrate species, including biomedical animal models, to define the inter-species variation in the biochemical pathways encoded by gut microbiota. Doing so revealed gut-enriched pathways conserved across vertebrates, as well as pathways that vary concordantly with host evolutionary history. Overall, the functional capacity of the non-human gut microbiome generally reflects that of humans, though a subset of the pathways encoded by human gut microbiota are not well represented in non-human microbiomes. Collectively, these results support the use of animal models to study the mechanisms through which gut microbes impact human health, but suggest that researchers should cautiously consider which model will optimally represent a specific mechanism of interest.SignificanceEfforts to understand how the gut microbiome interacts with human physiology frequently relies on the use of animal models. However, it is generally not understood if the biochemical pathways encoded in gut microbiomes of these different animal models – which define the routes of interaction between gut microbes and their hosts – reflect those found in the human gut. To address this question, we compared gut metagenomes generated 10 different vertebrate lineages. In so doing, our study revealed that non-human gut metagenomes generally encode a set of pathways that are consistent with those found in the human gut. However, some human metagenome pathways are poorly represented in non-human guts, including pathways implicated in disease. Moreover, our analysis identified pathways that appear to be conserved across vertebrates, as well as pathways that are linked to the evolutionary history of their hosts, observations that hold potential to clarify the basis for phylosymbiosis.

Nitric oxide responses of air-breathing and water-breathing fish

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. R816-R819 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Staples ◽  
W. M. Zapol ◽  
K. D. Bloch ◽  
N. Kawai ◽  
V. M. Val ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Acetylcholine Chloride ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

Nitric oxide (NO), exogenously administered or endogenously produced by NO synthase (NOS), is an important regulator of lung ventilation and perfusion in mammals. This study attempts to investigate the evolutionary history of this system in fish and its possible relationship to air breathing. The gas bladder of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (air-breathing teleost) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-air-breathing teleost) and the lung of Lepidosiren paradoxa (air-breathing dipnoan) all exhibited elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to 1 microM sodium nitroprusside. Only the H. unitaeniatus gas bladder responded to 10 microM acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with increased cGMP levels. The ACh response was inhibited by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, which inhibits NOS. These data suggest that although tissues from each species may respond to exogenous NO, only the gas bladder of H. unitaeniatus appears to synthesize NO through NOS. This is the first report of constitutive NOS outside of the central nervous system in a teleost. These results also imply that NOS did not necessarily coevolve with air breathing in fish.

scholarly journals Evolutionary changes of phosphoenolpyruvate transporter (PPT) during the emergence of C4 photosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ju Amy Lyu ◽  
Yaling Wang ◽  
Jianjun Jiang ◽  
Genyun Chen ◽  
Xin-Guang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Sheath Cell ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
History Of

AbstractC4 photosynthesis is a complex trait, which evolved from its ancestral C3 photosynthesis by recruiting pre-existing genes. The evolutionary history of enzymes involved in the C4 shuttle has been extensively studied. Here we analyze the evolutionary changes of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) transporter (PPT) during its recruitment from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. Our analysis shows that 1) among the two PPT paralogs, i.e. PPT1 and PPT2, PPT1 is an ancestral copy while PPT2 is a derived copy; 2) during C4 evolution, PPT1 shifted its expression from predominantly in root to in leaf, and from bundle sheath cell to mesophyll cell, supporting that PPT1 was recruited into C4 photosynthesis; 3) PPT1 gained increased transcript abundance, gained more rapid and long-lasting responses to light during C3 to C4 evolution, while PPT2 lost its responsiveness to light; 4) PPT1 gained a number of new cis-elements during C4 evolution; 5) C4 PPT1 can complement the phenotype of Arabidopsis PPT1 loss-of-function mutant, suggesting that it is a bidirectional transporter and its transport direction did not alter during C4 evolution. We finally discuss mechanistic linkages between these observed changes in PPT1 and C4 photosynthesis evolution.High lightDuring the process of C4 photosynthesis evolution, PPT not only experienced changes in its expression location and transcript abundance, but also acquired new cis-elements in its promoter region and accumulated protein variations.

scholarly journals Color Polymorphism is a Driver of Diversification in the Lizard Family Lacertidae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinsey M. Brock ◽  
Emily Jane McTavish ◽  
Danielle L. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Color Polymorphism ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Extreme Type ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Distinct Color

ABSTRACTColor polymorphism – two or more heritable color phenotypes maintained within a single breeding population – is an extreme type of intra-specific diversity widespread across the tree of life but rarely studied in a comparative framework. Color polymorphism is thought to be an engine for speciation, where morph loss or divergence between distinct color morphs within a species results in the rapid evolution of new lineages, and thus, color polymorphic lineages are expected to display elevated diversification rates. Lizards of the family Lacertidae have evolved multiple lineages with color polymorphism, but lack of a complete and robust phylogeny for the group has made comparative analysis difficult. Here, we produce a comprehensive species-level phylogeny of the lizard family Lacertidae to reconstruct the evolutionary history of color polymorphism and test if color polymorphism has been a driver of diversification. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty, we estimate an ancient macroevolutionary origin of color polymorphism within the Lacertini tribe (subfamily Lacertinae). Color polymorphism most likely evolved several times in the Lacertidae and has been lost at a much faster rate than gained. Evolutionary transitions to color polymorphism are associated with shifts in increased net diversification rate in this family of lizards. Taken together, our empirical results support long-standing theoretical expectations that color polymorphism is a driver of diversification.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of sexual differentiation mechanism in insects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Chikami ◽  
Miki Okuno ◽  
Atsushi Toyoda ◽  
Takehiko Itoh ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Protein Motif ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ancestral States ◽  
Female Specific

AbstractGain of alternative splicing gives rise to functional diversity in proteins and underlies the complexity and diversity of biological aspects. However, it is still not fully understood how alternatively spliced genes develop the functional novelty. To this end, we infer the evolutionary history of the doublesex gene, the key transcriptional factor in the sexual differentiation of arthropods. doublesex is controlled by sex-specific splicing and promotes both male and female differentiation in some holometabolan insects. In contrast, doublesex promotes only male differentiation in some hemimetabolan insects. Here, we investigate ancestral states of doublesex using Thermobia domestica belonging to Zygentoma, the sister group of winged insects. We find that doublesex of T. domestica expresses sex-specific isoforms but is only necessary for male differentiation of sexual morphology. This result ensures the hypothesis that doublesex was initially only used to promote male differentiation during insect evolution. However, T. domestica doublesex has a short female-specific region and upregulates the expression of vitellogenin homologs in females, suggesting that doublesex may have already controlled some aspects of feminization in the common ancestor of winged insects. Reconstruction of the ancestral sequence and prediction of the protein structure show that the female-specific isoform of doublesex has a long C-terminal disordered region in holometabolan insects, but not in non-holometabolan species. We propose that doublesex acquired a female-specific isoform and then underwent a change in the protein motif structure, which became essential for female differentiation in sexual dimorphisms.

scholarly journals The larval nervous system of the penis worm Priapulus caudatus (Ecdysozoa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1685) ◽  
pp. 20150050 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Martín-Durán ◽  
Gabriella H. Wolff ◽  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld ◽  
Andreas Hejnol
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nervous System Evolution ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tyrosinated Tubulin

The origin and extreme diversification of the animal nervous system is a central question in biology. While most of the attention has traditionally been paid to those lineages with highly elaborated nervous systems (e.g. arthropods, vertebrates, annelids), only the study of the vast animal diversity can deliver a comprehensive view of the evolutionary history of this organ system. In this regard, the phylogenetic position and apparently conservative molecular, morphological and embryological features of priapulid worms (Priapulida) place this animal lineage as a key to understanding the evolution of the Ecdysozoa (i.e. arthropods and nematodes). In this study, we characterize the nervous system of the hatching larva and first lorica larva of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus by immunolabelling against acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin, pCaMKII, serotonin and FMRFamide. Our results show that a circumoral brain and an unpaired ventral nerve with a caudal ganglion characterize the central nervous system of hatching embryos. After the first moult, the larva attains some adult features: a neck ganglion, an introvert plexus, and conspicuous secondary longitudinal neurites. Our study delivers a neuroanatomical framework for future embryological studies in priapulid worms, and helps illuminate the course of nervous system evolution in the Ecdysozoa.

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