Treatment of sea-water aspiration

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Redding ◽  
G. Carl Voigt ◽  
Peter Safar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Plasma Infusion ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

Lightly anesthetized dogs were subjected to obstructive asphyxia (simulating laryngospasm). When spontaneous breathing efforts ceased, the lungs were flooded with sea water for 30 seconds, according to a standardized experiment described previously. Five dogs were treated with intermittent positive pressure artificial respiration with 100% oxygen (IPPB/O2) for 3 hours. Five additional dogs were treated identically except for the addition of an intravenous infusion of dog plasma 50 ml/kg body weight, 10 minutes after the start of artificial respiration. All the dogs treated only with IPPB/O2 for 3 hours were more completely reoxygenated than were those ventilated with IPPB/air for 10 minutes in the earlier experiment. However, death with pulmonary edema followed the cessation of IPPB/O2 as well as IPPB/air. When the hemoconcentration and hypovolemia, caused by flooding of the lungs with sea water, were corrected by plasma infusion in addition to IPPB/O2, four of the five dogs survived. Submitted on May 19, 1960

Restoration of circulation after fresh water drowning

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Redding ◽  
Richard A. Cozine
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Artificial Circulation ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

Lightly anesthetized dogs were subjected to obstructive asphyxia, simulating laryngospasm. After respiratory arrest the lungs were flooded with fresh water for 30 sec, according to a standardized experiment. Ten dogs were treated with intermittent positive-pressure artificial respiration with 100% oxygen. Six of the ten dogs suddenly developed ventricular fibrillation less than 2 min after artificial respiration was started. In these animals an artificial circulation was maintained for 20 min by repeated compression of the heart between the sternum and vertebral column. Then, after intravenous administration of hypertonic saline and epinephrine solutions, a 480-v shock was applied to the chest wall. In five of the six dogs there was an immediate resumption of spontaneous circulation. In an additional ten dogs ventricular fibrillation was produced by the same sequence of obstructive asphyxia and flooding of the lungs. In five, treatment was identical except that injection of hypertonic saline was omitted. Circulation was restored in four. In the remaining five, ventilation was performed with air. Restoration of circulation was successful in one. Submitted on June 12, 1961

Drowning treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Redding ◽  
G. Carl Voigt ◽  
Peter Safar
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypotension ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing ◽  
Comparable Period

A standardized dog experiment was designed to simulate human victims of submersion who seem to first develop laryngospasm, followed by flooding of the lungs. The tracheal tube of lightly anesthetized dogs was clamped until the onset of apnea. The lungs were then flooded for 30 seconds with fresh water or sea water, or apnea was permitted to continue for a comparable period without flooding. Resuscitation was attempted with intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB), utilizing room air. All control dogs (obstructive asphyxia, without flooding) survived. Freshwater drowning caused mild arterial hypotension, severe rise in venous pressure and bradycardia, followed by sudden ventricular fibrillation in 1–4 minutes in spite of IPPB. Sea-water drowning caused severe arterial hypotension, slight rise in venous pressure and bradycardia. IPPB led to partial reoxygenation and partial restoration of circulation. When IPPB was discontinued all dogs started breathing spontaneously, but within a few minutes developed asystole with pulmonary edema. Submitted on January 25, 1960

Effect of negative-pressure ventilation on lung water in permeability pulmonary edema

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2223-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skaburskis ◽  
R. P. Michel ◽  
A. Gatensby ◽  
A. Zidulka
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Water Accumulation ◽  
Permeability Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Continuous Positive Pressure

We have previously shown (Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 886–891, 1987) improved cardiac output in dogs with pulmonary edema ventilated with external continuous negative chest pressure ventilation (CNPV) using negative end-expiratory pressure (NEEP), compared with continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) using equivalent positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The present study examined the effect on lung water of CNPV compared with CPPV to determine whether the increased venous return created by NEEP worsened pulmonary edema in dogs with acute lung injury. Oleic acid (0.06 ml/kg) was administered to 27 anesthetized dogs. Supine animals were then divided into three groups and ventilated for 6 h. The first group (n = 10) was treated with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) alone; the second (n = 9) received CNPV with 10 cmH2O NEEP; the third (n = 8) received CPPV with 10 cmH2O PEEP. CNPV and CPPV produced similar improvements in oxygenation over IPPV. However, cardiac output was significantly depressed by CPPV, but not by CNPV, when compared with IPPV. Although there were no differences in extravascular lung water (Qwl/dQl) between CNPV and CPPV, both significantly increased Qwl/dQl compared with IPPV (7.81 +/- 0.21 and 7.87 +/- 0.31 vs. 6.71 +/- 0.25, respectively, P less than 0.01 in both instances). CNPV and CPPV, but not IPPV, enhanced lung water accumulation in the perihilar areas where interstitial pressures may be most negative at higher lung volumes.

scholarly journals Effect of Uphill Running on VO2, Heart Rate and Lactate Accumulation on Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmills

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Daniel Fleckenstein ◽  
Olaf Ueberschär ◽  
Jan C. Wüstenfeld ◽  
Peter Rüdrich ◽  
Bernd Wolfarth
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Support ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Biomechanical Stress ◽  
Lower Body Positive Pressure ◽  
Weight Support ◽  
Body Positive

Lower body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPTs) as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal load are becoming more common as part of sports conditioning, although the requisite physiological parameters are unclear. To elucidate their role, ten well-trained runners (30.2 ± 3.4 years; VO2max: 60.3 ± 4.2 mL kg−1 min−1) ran at 70% of their individual velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) on a LBPPT at 80% body weight support (80% BWSet) and 90% body weight support (90% BWSet), at 0%, 2% and 7% incline. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate accumulation (LA) were monitored. It was found that an increase in incline led to increased VO2 values of 6.8 ± 0.8 mL kg−1 min−1 (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.001) and 5.4 ± 0.8 mL kg−1 min−1 (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). Between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet, there were VO2 differences of 3.3 ± 0.2 mL kg−1 min−1 (p < 0.001). HR increased with incline by 12 ± 2 bpm (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.05) and 10 ± 2 bpm (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.05). From 80% BWSet to 90% BWSet, HR increases of 6 ± 1 bpm (p < 0.001) were observed. Additionally, LA values showed differences of 0.10 ± 0.02 mmol l−1 between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet. Those results suggest that on a LBPPT, a 2% incline (at 70% vVO2max) is not yet sufficient to produce significant physiological changes in VO2, HR and LA—as opposed to running on conventional treadmills, where significant changes are measured. However, a 7% incline increases VO2 and HR significantly. Bringing together physiological and biomechanical factors from previous studies into this practical context, it appears that a 7% incline (at 80% BWSet) may be used to keep VO2 and HR load unchanged as compared to unsupported running, while biomechanical stress is substantially reduced.

Intravenous Infusion in Dogs and Primates

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Perkin ◽  
R. Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Catheter Tip ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Continuous intravenous infusion allows the intended clinical dosing regime to be better evaluated during preclinical studies. Depending on the test material and vehicle, infusion for up to 6 months in primates and 12 months in beagle dogs is possible, but 28 days is the most frequent duration. Under general anesthesia, medical grade catheters are placed in the vena cava via the femoral vein, passed subcutaneously, and exteriorized between the scapulae. A jacket and tether system are used to connect the catheter to an external pump for dosing and the animals are allowed to move freely within the cages. Dosing usually commences after a 1-week recovery period. Body weight gain, food intake, and general observations indicate that the procedure does not adversely affect the normal laboratory behavior of the animals. Test article infusion periods from a few minutes up to 24 h a day, 7 days a week are used; a low infusion rate ofsaline is used for the balance of the 24-h period. Dosage volumes up to 120 ml/kg/day can be infused for 28 days and larger volumes for shorter periods. Up to three separate catheters can be inserted to allow coadministration of compounds for assessment of potential interactions. Body weight, ophthalmoscopy, blood sampling, electrocardiography, and indirect blood pressure measurement can be performed during infusion. Histopathologic common changes in all species include thrombosis, proliferation of vascular intima, and various local inflammatory changes at the infusion site in the vicinity of the catheter tip. These generally are considered to be due to physical irritation by the catheter. Secondary changes include pulmonary microemboli or thrombosis and histiocytosis in hepatic sinusoids often with erythrophago-cytosis. The main findings associated with infusion of very large volumes are reticulocytosis and increased hematopoiesis. These spontaneous findings must be distinguished from those possibly related to administration of the test material and/or vehicle.

The effects of lowered salinity upon Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the English Channel

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Binyon
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Sharp Threshold ◽  
Branchiostoma Lanceolatum

Previous work has indicated that, although in possession of numerous supposedly osmoregulatory structures, Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the English Channel is unable to regulate its body weight in diluted sea water. In vitro measurements of the rate of flagella activity in those organs similarly indicates no increase under hypo-osmotic stress. There is however quite a sharp threshold around 18‰, below which flagella activity ceases quite abruptly. A similar situation obtains with the gill cilia although the animal can remain alive at these salinities for a period of several weeks.

Urinary Bladder Volume and the Reabsorption of Water from the Urine of Crabs

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
J. A. RIEGEL ◽  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
J. R. W. NORFOLK ◽  
N. C. BULLEID ◽  
P. A. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
51Cr Edta

1. Measurements have been made to determine the blood volume, bladder volume, clearance of 131I-sodium diatrizoate and U/H for diatrizoate in the crabs Carcinus maenas and Macropipus (Portunus) depurator. 2. Observed values of clearance blood volume and bladder volume in the two species at 18 °C were: Clearance (as % blood volume per day), Macropipus 56.1±14.5; Carcinus 27.1±5.8; Blood volume (as % body weight), Macropipus 21.0±4.0; Carcinus 19.2±3.0; Bladder volume (as % blood volume), Macropipus 12.1 ±5.0; Carcinus 11.0±8.0. 3. It is shown that the measured U/H differs from that to be expected if no reabsorption of water or secretion of diatrizoate occurs. 4. 14C-inulin and 51Cr-EDTA are excreted in an essentially similar manner to 131I-diatrizoate by Carcinus, implying that any active secretion of diatrizoate must be small in magnitude. 5. Injections of ethacrynic acid decrease the U/H ratio for diatrizoate relative to that in control Carcinus injected with sea water. In some Carcinus the concentration of diatrizoate in the urine comes to exceed that initially present in the blood. Both these points are taken, with 3, as support for the conclusion that water can be withdrawn from the primary urine of Carcinus.

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