Intravenous Infusion in Dogs and Primates

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Perkin ◽  
R. Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Catheter Tip ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Continuous intravenous infusion allows the intended clinical dosing regime to be better evaluated during preclinical studies. Depending on the test material and vehicle, infusion for up to 6 months in primates and 12 months in beagle dogs is possible, but 28 days is the most frequent duration. Under general anesthesia, medical grade catheters are placed in the vena cava via the femoral vein, passed subcutaneously, and exteriorized between the scapulae. A jacket and tether system are used to connect the catheter to an external pump for dosing and the animals are allowed to move freely within the cages. Dosing usually commences after a 1-week recovery period. Body weight gain, food intake, and general observations indicate that the procedure does not adversely affect the normal laboratory behavior of the animals. Test article infusion periods from a few minutes up to 24 h a day, 7 days a week are used; a low infusion rate ofsaline is used for the balance of the 24-h period. Dosage volumes up to 120 ml/kg/day can be infused for 28 days and larger volumes for shorter periods. Up to three separate catheters can be inserted to allow coadministration of compounds for assessment of potential interactions. Body weight, ophthalmoscopy, blood sampling, electrocardiography, and indirect blood pressure measurement can be performed during infusion. Histopathologic common changes in all species include thrombosis, proliferation of vascular intima, and various local inflammatory changes at the infusion site in the vicinity of the catheter tip. These generally are considered to be due to physical irritation by the catheter. Secondary changes include pulmonary microemboli or thrombosis and histiocytosis in hepatic sinusoids often with erythrophago-cytosis. The main findings associated with infusion of very large volumes are reticulocytosis and increased hematopoiesis. These spontaneous findings must be distinguished from those possibly related to administration of the test material and/or vehicle.

Continuous intravenous infusion in the unrestrained rat — procedures and results

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond A. Cave ◽  
Ankie C.M. Schoenmakers ◽  
Hans J. van Wijk ◽  
Ilona C. Enninga ◽  
Jan C.M. van der Hoeven
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Clinical Biochemistry ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Clinical Observations

1 A method of continuous infusion in the unrestrained rat is described, which provides a scientifically accept able and easily maintained rodent model for use in toxicological investigations. 2 Sprague Dawley SPF rats had cannulas implanted into the vena cava via the femoral vein, and were continu ously infused with physiological saline for a total of 28 or 90 days. 3 The results indicate that there was no change in body weight, food consumption, clinical observations or clinical biochemistry of infused rats when compared to non-infused rats. There were small changes in haema tological parameters, however none were toxicological ly significant. Urinary volume was increased and uri nary specific gravity and osmolality were decreased. At macroscopic and microscopic examination there were findings of scar formation associated with the area of surgery and minimal irritation in the area of the vena cava which accommodated the cannula. 4 These results indicate that implantation of a cannula into the vena cava of a rat and subsequent continuous intravenous infusion of physiological saline produces no toxicological adverse effects over a period of 90 days. Consequently, this model can be recommended for the continuous intravenous administration of test substances to rats.

scholarly journals Dynamics of growing of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) larvae for different durations of cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Kornienko ◽  
V. V. Olifirenko
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Russian Sturgeon ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii ◽  
Fish Productivity

In the context of the need to preserve the biodiversity of natural waters, the cultivation of valuable fish species for stocking natural reservoirs takes on exceptional importance. Optimization of the technology for growing sturgeon in artificial conditions has become the main goal of our research. The population used for the present study is from a fish farm, Dneprovskiy Sturgeon Fish Breeding Factory located in Belozersky district (Kherson region, Ukraine). Studies were conducted for ten years (2007–2017). The objective of our study is to assess the quality of juvenile sturgeon when grown with different durations. The research material was provided by the free embryos and larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii von Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833). Formation of experimental groups and calculation was performed on the principle of groups-analogues by standard methods. The main resultant criteria were larval survival, optimal extrinsic performance, and fish productivity. As a result of the conducted research it was determined that the optimal term of growing the larvae of A. gueldenstaedtii in the pools was 20 days. During this period, young sturgeon had high rates of average body weight with a survival rate of at least 53.4–60.2% and optimal physiological state. In variants with a maximum growth period of 24 days, the difference in the individual masses of the test material was significantly increased on the background of rather high mass indices of the larvae (1.2–1.4 and 1.9–2.1 times, respectively for II–III variant). This led to an increase in the pressure of food competition and, as a result, to a decrease in the output of young sturgeon growth of up to 46.5–61.9%. Survival of the larvae was by far the highest in the experimental groups with a minimum period of cultivation and ranged within 75.1–80.7%. The maximum level of fish productivity was observed in the third variant of the experiment with the longest period of cultivation. An analysis of the relative indicators of body weight gain revealed that with the extension of the growing period in experimental variants the percentage of realization of growth of larvae during the period of exogenous feeding was proportionally reduced. The most effective use of feed for the growth of body weight of the larva was in the variant with a growing period of 20 days. Feed costs in these groups ranged within 2.80–3.24, which averaged 2.83–3.02. Analysis of the dynamics of oscillations of the main biochemical indicators showed that the accumulation of consumables in the body of the experimental larvae increased with the growing period of cultivation in the pools. The amount of moisture was adequately reduced. The greatest influence on the results of the growth of sturgeon larvae in the pools among all the considered factors belonged to the period of cultivation, the magnitude of significance of which was 61.2%. The research results should significantly improve the technology of growing the Dnieper population of A. gueldenstaedtii on fish farms.

Twenty-Eight Day Nose-Only Inhalation Toxicity Study of Resorcinol Bis-Diphenylphosphate (Fyrolflex RDP) in Rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Henrich ◽  
W. D. Johnson ◽  
N. Rajendran ◽  
R. I. Freudenthal ◽  
M. J. Tomlinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Lung Histopathology

To evaluate the effects of repeated inhalation exposure to resorcinol bis-diphenylphosphate (Fyrolflex RDP), male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received nose-only inhalation exposure to Fyrolflex RDP for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Concentrations of Fyrolflex RDP tested were 0 (filtered air control), 0.1, 0.5, and 2.0 mg/l air. Ten rats/sex/group were euthanized on day 29; 10 additional rats/sex in the control and high-dose groups were euthanized after a 60-day recovery period. RDP induced no mortality or overt toxicity during the exposure or recovery periods. Body weight and body weight gain were reduced in high-dose male rats during exposure, but returned to control levels after 5 weeks of recovery. Absolute and relativelung weights were increased in mid-and high-dose groups after exposure, and in the high-dose group at the end of the recovery period. Relative fiver weights were increased after exposure in mid-and high-dose females and in high-dose males. Gross pathology was limited to confluent white foci in the lungs of all high-dose animals after exposure, and in 80 % of high-dose animals after the recovery period. Underlying lung histopathology after exposure consisted of alveolar histiocytosis in mid-and high-dose groups; this progressed to chronic foreign body inflammation in high-dose rats after recovery. This response is characteristic of a noncytotoxic, water-insoluble foreign material that reaches the alveolar region of the lung. On this basis, although the observed lung lesions were exposure-related, they were not considered to reflect a specific toxic response to Fyrolflex RDP. No exposure-relatedgross or microscopic pathology was identified in any other organ in any experimental group. The no-observed-effectlevel (NOEL) for RDP in this study was 0.1 mg/l.

Catheterization of PICC through a superficial femoral vein for patients with superior vena cava syndrome using ECG positioning and ultrasound-guided technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110353
Author(s):  
Weizhu Xiao ◽  
Qiuju Lin ◽  
Shuping Chen ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Cuifen Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome ◽  
Guide Wire ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Superficial Femoral Vein ◽  
Catheter Tip ◽  
Vena Cava Syndrome

Objective: We herein demonstrate the efficacy of PICC placement through a superficial femoral vein in patients with superior vena cava syndrome using ultrasound guidance and electrocardiographic localization. The treatment of PICC disconnection was also discussed. Methods: The study enrolled 51 patients with superior vena cava syndrome. Ultrasound-guided technology and ECG positioning technology are employed to help these patients in catheterization. The puncture time, the number of punctures, and catheter tip position were recorded. The patient was followed up for at least 2 years. The complications and treatment during follow-up were recorded. Result: The average puncture time was 32.13 ± 3.91 min. A total of 49 patients were successfully punctured once, while 2 patients failed in the first puncture. The main reason for puncture failure is that the inability of a guide wire to pass through. After the nurse removed the needle and pressed the puncture point until no rebleeding occurred, the puncture above the original puncture point was successful. X-ray examination revealed that the catheter tip was located in the inferior vena cava, above the diaphragm, near the right atrium. The success rate of catheterization was 100%. The visual analog scale (VAS) score was (2.44 ± 0.73) at the time of puncture, which was tolerable during the operation, and the patient did not complain of obvious pain following the operation. One patient developed complications of broken tube half a year after the puncture. Interventional physicians utilized angiography to locate the broken catheter. Conclusion: It is safe and feasible to place PICC through a superficial femoral vein under ultrasound combined with ECG positioning technology in patients with superior vena cava syndrome.

Thirteen-Week Oral Toxicity Study of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Tsubuku ◽  
Kazuhisa Hatayama ◽  
Toyohisa Katsumata ◽  
Nobuo Nishimura ◽  
Kazunori Mawatari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Branched Chain

Branched-chain amino acids (l-isoleucine, l-valine, and l-leucine) are being increasingly used in sport supplements. This study evaluated toxicological and behavioral effects of l-isoleucine (Ile), l-valine (Val), and l-leucine (Leu) during a dosing study with male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The amino acids were incorporated into a standard diet at doses equal to 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5.0% ( w/ w). A control group of rats received a standard diet. All diets were administered ad libitum for 13 consecutive weeks. To examine stability of any potential effects, the administration period was followed by a 5-week recovery period, during which only the standard diet was provided to all animals. No significant, dose-related effects on body weight were found in rats fed a Leu-and Ile-supplemented diet. Val mixed into a diet at 5.0% ( w/ w) decreased slightly, but significantly body weight gain in females, but not males. Ile (5.0% w/ w) affected the urine electrolytes, protein, ketone bodies, urine glucose, and urobilinogen in both genders, yet the observed changes remained mostly within the range observed in controls. The random findings in hepatology and ophthalmology at the 13-week sacrifice were not considered toxicologically relevant to effects of the tested amino acids. No significant changes in organ weights were recorded. We estimate the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Ile at 2.5% for both genders (male, 1.565 ± 0.060 g/kg/day; females, 1.646 ± 0.095 g/kg/day), Val at 5.0% for males (3.225 ± 0.135 g/kg/day) and 2.5% for females (1.853 ± 0.060 g/kg/day), and Leu at 5.0% for both genders (males, 3.333 ± 0.101 g/kg/day: females, 3.835 ± 0.257 g/kg/day).

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Genotoxicity and Subchronic Toxicity of a Supercritical Fluid Extract of the Aerial Parts of Hemp

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tennille K. Marx ◽  
Robin Reddeman ◽  
Amy E. Clewell ◽  
John R. Endres ◽  
Erzsébet Béres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Toxicological Studies

A battery of toxicological studies was conducted on a supercritical CO2 extract of the aerial parts of the Cannabis sativa plant, containing approximately 25% cannabinoids. No evidence of genotoxicity was found in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames), in an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, or in an in vivo mouse micronucleus study. A 14-day repeated oral dose-range finding study conducted in Wistar rats at 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg bw/day resulted in effects where a NOAEL could not be concluded. Based on those results, a 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was performed in rats using doses of 100, 360, and 720 mg/kg bw/day, followed by a 28-day recovery period for two satellite groups. Significant decreases in body weight, body weight gain, and differences in various organ weights compared to controls were observed. At the end of the recovery period, many of the findings were trending toward normal; thus, the changes appeared to be reversible. The NOAEL for the hemp extract in Hsd.Han Wistar rats was considered to be 100 mg/kg bw/day for males and 360 mg/kg bw/day for females.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

THE EFFECT OF (Morinda citrifolia L.) MEAL IN DIET ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Yosi Fenita
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The objective of the research was to evaluate to effect of feeding mengkudu on performances of broilers. The research design used was completely randomized design. One hundred broilers were distributed into five treatments. The treatments were different levels of mengkudu meal (0, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25 % and 3%). The observed measured were feed consumption, average body weight (gain) and feed conversion. Results showed that feeding mengkudu (Morinda Citrifolia L.)  no effect significant (P>0.05) on feed consumption, average body weight and feed conversion.  In conclusion, feeding mengkudu meal up to 3% (in diet) does not negatively affect feed consumption, average body weight, and feed conversion.

PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN RAMI (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) DAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN RAMI UNTUK PENGGEMUKKAN DOMBA WONOSOBO

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Muryanto Muryanto ◽  
Pita Sudrajad ◽  
Amrih Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Potential Capacity ◽  
The Given

The aim of the study was to determine the development of ramie plants (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) and the effect of using ramie leaves on feed on the body weight gain of Wonosobo Sheep (Dombos). Research on the development of ramie plants using survey methods in the area of ramie plant development in Wonosobo Regency. While the research on the use of ramie leaves for fattening was carried out in Butuh Village, Kalikajar District, Wonosobo Regency in 2018. 21 male Dombos were divided into 3 feed treatments with forage proportions of 70%, 50% and 30 ramie leaves respectively. %. The results showed that currently ramie plants were being developed in Wonosobo Regency by CV. Ramindo Berkah Persada Sejahtera in Gandok Village, Kalikajar District, Wonosobo Regency, Central Java. Until now the area of the crop has reached 13 ha. Of this area will produce ramie leaves 195,000 kg / year. If one sheep needs 4 kg of ramie / tail / day leaves, then the potential capacity of sheep is 135 heads / year, if the given one is 50% then the Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Volume 16 202 Nomor 2 – Desember 2018potential capacity is 270 heads / year and if it is reduced again to 25% of ramie leaves then the potential capacity 440 heads / year. The use of ramie leaves as a feed for Wonosobo Sheep fattening can be given as much as 30% in fresh form.

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