Urinary Bladder Volume and the Reabsorption of Water from the Urine of Crabs

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
J. A. RIEGEL ◽  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
J. R. W. NORFOLK ◽  
N. C. BULLEID ◽  
P. A. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
51Cr Edta

1. Measurements have been made to determine the blood volume, bladder volume, clearance of 131I-sodium diatrizoate and U/H for diatrizoate in the crabs Carcinus maenas and Macropipus (Portunus) depurator. 2. Observed values of clearance blood volume and bladder volume in the two species at 18 °C were: Clearance (as % blood volume per day), Macropipus 56.1±14.5; Carcinus 27.1±5.8; Blood volume (as % body weight), Macropipus 21.0±4.0; Carcinus 19.2±3.0; Bladder volume (as % blood volume), Macropipus 12.1 ±5.0; Carcinus 11.0±8.0. 3. It is shown that the measured U/H differs from that to be expected if no reabsorption of water or secretion of diatrizoate occurs. 4. 14C-inulin and 51Cr-EDTA are excreted in an essentially similar manner to 131I-diatrizoate by Carcinus, implying that any active secretion of diatrizoate must be small in magnitude. 5. Injections of ethacrynic acid decrease the U/H ratio for diatrizoate relative to that in control Carcinus injected with sea water. In some Carcinus the concentration of diatrizoate in the urine comes to exceed that initially present in the blood. Both these points are taken, with 3, as support for the conclusion that water can be withdrawn from the primary urine of Carcinus.

The Water Balance of a Serpulid Polychaete, Mercierella Enigmatica (Fauvel)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
HELEN LE B. SKAER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Passive Movements

1. The serpulid polychaete Mercierella enigmatica is found naturally in a wide range of salinities - from fresh water to 150% sea water (< 1-55‰ < 25.8-1421 mOsm). 2. Changes in body weight, blood volume and blood osmolality have been measured both during and after equilibration of animals with media of altered salinity. 3. The blood remains similar in osmolality to the external medium over a very wide range of salinity (43-1620 mOsm); osmoregulation occurs only at the lowest limit of the natural range. 4. Mercierella enigmatica shows volume regulation; after 4 days of equilibration with a medium of altered salinity the blood volume shows much less change than the blood concentration. 5. During equilibration there appear to be passive movements of both water and salts between the animals and their environment.

The Physiology of the Antennal Gland of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antennal Gland ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Water Clearance

1. The space measured by inulin distribution, the ‘inulin volume’, has been determined, and represents approximately 20% of the body weight in crabs ranging in size from 20.0 to 57.2 g. 2. After the injection of labelled inulin into crabs, the increase in activity of the medium is equal to the fall in blood inulin in all dilutions of sea water. Clearance of inulin from the blood is due only to urine production, and therefore the molecule can be used for quantitative investigations of antennal gland function. 3. Urine production in various concentrations of sea water has been determined by measuring the clearance of inulin from the blood and the rates at which the tracer appeared in the external media. By these methods the mean rate of urine production in 100% sea water was estimated to be 4.4% body weight per day. In dilute sea water the rate of urine production increases; for example, in 50% sea water the urine flow is four times greater than in normal sea water.

The regulation of haemolymph calcium concentration of the crab Carcinus maenas (L.)

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
P. Greenaway
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Ionic Form ◽  
Calcium Balance ◽  
Active Calcium ◽  
The Difference

After acclimation, Carcinus can maintain calcium balance in dilute (35–100%) but not in low calcium sea water. 71% of total haemolymph calcium (9–54 +/− 0–42 mM) was in ionic form as compared with 90–9%(9–9mM) in sea water. On acclimation to dilute sea water the calcium activity of the haemolymph was greater than that of the medium, the difference being maintained by active calcium uptake. Carcinus is highly permeable to Ca2+, influx from sea water being 0–513 +/− 0–07 mumoles g-1 h-1 and the time constant for calcium influx 4-3 +/− 0–48 h. Calcium space represented ca. 25% wet body weight independent of body size or salinity of acclimation medium.

Studies on Ionic Regulation in Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Total Sodium

1. The mechanism of sodium balance in Carcinus maenas has been investigated. 2. Measurements of sodium outflux showed no evidence of a decrease in surface permeability to sodium in dilute sea water. 3. The rate of urine production in normal sea water was 3.6% body weight per day and the sodium loss through the urine was insignificant compared with the total sodium loss. In 40% sea water the urine rate was increased to 30% body weight per day and the loss in the urine accounted for 20% of the total loss. 4. Measurements of sodium influx and calculation of the active component showed that the active uptake mechanism was fully saturated at all external concentrations in which the animals could survive. 5. Regulation of the blood sodium concentration is effected largely by the activation of the sodium uptake mechanism. This prevents the blood concentration falling below a critical level as long as the external concentration itself is not too low.

The influence of salinity and temperature change on the functioning of the urinary bladder in the early larval stages of the atlantic herring Clupea harengus L

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
P. Tytler ◽  
J. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Full Bladder ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Early Larval Development

Major changes in the morphology of the urinary bladder were observed during the transition from yolk-sac to feeding larval stages of herring, in particular bladder volume increased almost sixfold. Initially, the urine flowed into the hindgut, but within days of hatching a separate urinary duct, leading to the exterior, had formed. Micturation was intermittent but quite regular. The period between micturations increased from 1.6 to 4 min in the progression between the two larval stages. The discharge volume was approximately 50 % of the full bladder volume in all stages studied. Urine flow rate (UFR) in sea water rose slightly from 1 to 1.7 nl mg(−)(1)h(−)(1) during early larval development. Exposure to low salinities significantly reduced UFR in yolk-sac larvae, but in the later stages UFR increased significantly in hypo-osmotic salinities, so that UFR in 4 salinity was 2.5 times that in 34 salinity. The main variable influencing UFR was discharge frequency. Cardiac output was not influenced by salinity and was considered not to be a controlling factor in the UFR response to salinity change. UFR increased with temperature with Q(10) of 2.3 in stage 1 larvae and 1. 5 in stage 2 larvae, over 7–15 degrees C.

The effects of lowered salinity upon Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the English Channel

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Binyon
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Sharp Threshold ◽  
Branchiostoma Lanceolatum

Previous work has indicated that, although in possession of numerous supposedly osmoregulatory structures, Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the English Channel is unable to regulate its body weight in diluted sea water. In vitro measurements of the rate of flagella activity in those organs similarly indicates no increase under hypo-osmotic stress. There is however quite a sharp threshold around 18‰, below which flagella activity ceases quite abruptly. A similar situation obtains with the gill cilia although the animal can remain alive at these salinities for a period of several weeks.

The unreliability of mammalian glomerular markers in teleostean renal studies

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Beyenbach ◽  
L. B. Kirschner
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
True Measure

1. The assumption that (3H) methoxy inulin, (14C) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (125) iothalamate (glofil) are reliable volume and glomerular markers in teleosts was tested. 2. PEG occupied smaller volumes than inulin and glofil in sea-water-adapted Salmo gairdneri. Ureteral clearances of PEG were about 22% higher than those of inulin and glofil, and urine-to-plasma ratios were significantly greater for PEG than for the other two markers. 3. After introduction into the urinary bladder the three macro-molecules appeared in the plasma, PEG at the lowest rates. 4. These observations indicate that mammalian glomerular markers can penetrate the bladder and possibly the ureters and renal tubules. Therefore, their clearances may not give a true measure of glomerular filtration rates in teleosts.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document