Human eccrine sweat gland activity and palmar electrical skin resistance

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Adams ◽  
John A. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Palmar Surface ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
Electrical Skin

Sweat gland activity, monitored as a function of the rate at which water vapor was removed from the skin surface (EWL), was measured simultaneously with electrical skin resistance (ESR) from adjacent 1-cm2 areas on the human palm. Both ESR and EWL, and Delta ESR and Delta EWL, were correlated throughout 20–30 min of testing during which the subject rested or participated in conversation. The ratio Delta ESR/Delta EWL was greater the lower the EWL level. As EWL approached diffusion levels (0.06 mg/min.cm2), ESR assumed the highest and most stable value (ca. 170 kilohms). Subject differences in ESR at high EWL rates and the pattern of ESR-EWL relationships through the range of sudomotor activity (0.06–0.18 mg/min.cm2) are attributed to individual variation in the density and activity of sweat glands on the palmar surface. The character of ESR-EWL correspondence was also seen to vary with the phase of sweating activity for any one subject. evaporative water loss; physiological testing; galvanic skin reflex; psychological testing; psychogalvanic reflex; sweat measurement Submitted on October 22, 1964

Neural factors underlying variations in electrical resistance of apparently nonsweating skin

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Thomas ◽  
Aikoh Kawahata
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Insensible Perspiration ◽  
Neural Factors ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

Many investigators have demonstrated that sympathetic sudomotor activity sufficient to cause visible sweating is accompanied by a decrease in electrical skin resistance (ESR). Furthermore, the reciprocal of resistance (conductance) was shown to be linearly related to the amount of perspiration and the number of visibly active sweat glands. The present study examines the relationship of ESR to sweat-gland activation under apparently nonsweating circumstances, and clarifies the significance of topographical differences in ESR observed in human studies conducted at moderate (nonsweating) temperatures; results also suggest a neural influence on insensible perspiration. Comparisons in adjacent high- and low-resistance areas were made of the sweat gland responses produced by intradermal injections of drugs that directly stimulate sweat glands. When just-threshold quantities of acetylcholine (ACh), pilocarpine, or epinephrine were used, the low-resistance areas always responded with more numerous activated glands. When both high- and low-resistance areas were injected with procaine approximately 10 min prior to ACh injection, activated sweat gland response was essentially similar in both areas. At moderate temperatures, sweat glands evidently receive sudomotor impulses at a rate that does not produce visible sweating, but does increase transcutaneous water transfer and electrolyte conductance Submitted on February 21, 1961

Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1082-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kenney ◽  
S. R. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Active Gland ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The purpose of this investigation was to examine eccrine sweat gland responsiveness to intradermal injections of methylcholine (MCh) across three age groups of men [young (Y) = 22-24; middle (M) = 33-40; older (O) = 58-67 yr old, n = 5 per group]. Subjects were matched with respect to maximum O2 consumption, body size, and body composition, and were thoroughly heat acclimated before participation. Randomly ordered concentrations of acetyl-beta-methylcholine chloride ranging from 0% (saline) to 0.1% (5 x 10(-3) M) were injected into the skin of the dorsal thigh in a thermoneutral environment, and activated sweat glands were photographed at 30-s intervals for the next 8 min. Density of MCh-activated glands was independent of both age and [MCh] (e.g., 2 min after injection of 5 x 10(-3) M [MCh]: Y = 45 +/- 7, M = 46 +/- 12, O = 42 +/- 5 glands/cm2). However, sweat gland output (SGO) per active gland was significantly lower for the O group and failed to increase with increasing [MCh] above 5 x 10(-4) M. When MCh (5 x 10(-3) M) was injected after 1 h of exercise in the heat, higher SGO's were elicited in each group; however, the SGO of the O group was again significantly lower than that of the Y group (91 +/- 11 vs. 39 +/- 4 ng/gland, P less than 0.02) with the M group intermediate (69 +/- 11 nl/gland; 2 min postinjection data).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. R203-R208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
F. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The mechanisms underlying variations in perspiration rate at the glandular level are still poorly understood. Human eccrine sweat glands were dissected from the back of 12 adults, cannulated, and stimulated in vitro with methacholine (Mch). The maximal sweat rate and pKA for Mch determined from the dose-response curve for each individual were compared with the anatomic dimensions of the isolated secretory tubules. There was significant correlation between Mch sensitivity (pKA) and the size of the sweat gland, sweat rate per gland, sweat rate per unit length of the secretory tubule, and sweat rate per unit glandular volume. The sweat glands from individuals judged to be poor sweaters exhibited smaller size, lower secretory activity both in vivo and in vitro, and decreased Mch sensitivity compared with glands from physically fit individuals. We conclude that the increased Mch sensitivity and glandular hypertrophy are the two important features of functionally active sweat glands and infer that these parameters could improve as a result of acclimatization to physical exercise and/or heat.

The function of cattle sweat glands.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Ferguson ◽  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Hot Environments

Evidence is presented that the apocrine sweat glands of cattle have a temperature-regulating function. Under the stereo microscope, sweat droplets could be observed forming at the openings of the sweat gland ducts in response to intradermal injections of adrenaline, and during exposure to hot conditions. The sweat spots could be stained macroscopically, and prints showing the location of the spots were obtained with bromothymol blue papers pressed onto the skin surface. Quantitative measurements indicate that the evaporation of this sweat is the main source of heat loss in hot environments.

The morphology of bovine sweat glands and the effect of heat on the sweat glands of the Ayrshire calf

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
D. McEwan Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Hot Environment

1. The normal sweat glands of twenty-eight calves, nineteen live adult cattle and eighteen slaughtered cattle from temperate breeds were examined. In every animal the lumen of the sweat glands contained a fluid-like material.2. It appeared on examination and rough measurement that the size of the sweat glands taken from animals after slaughter was smaller than that of the glands taken from live animals even when the same sampling technique was used for both.3. The sweat glands of sixteen calves were examined before and at intervals after the animals had been subjected to a hot environment. The glands were always seen full of a fluid-like material.4. It is concluded that if the calf sweat gland is stimulated by heat stress it must function either (a) by simple diffusion through the sweat gland wall and hence to the skin surface, or (b) by a secretory process not involving degeneration of the glandular epithelium. It is probable that at least part of the contents of the lumen of the sweat glands is derived from the epithelium by a process of active secretion.

Absence of active cutaneous vasodilation associated with congenital absence of sweat glands in humans

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (4) ◽  
pp. H571-H575 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Brengelmann ◽  
P. R. Freund ◽  
L. B. Rowell ◽  
J. E. Olerud ◽  
K. K. Kraning
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

In the rare syndrome, hereditary anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED), sweat glands are congenitally absent. Assuming normal vasculature and normal central mechanisms, presence or absence of active cutaneous vasodilation (AVD) in hyperthermic subjects with AED critically tests the hypothesis that AVD is a consequence of sudomotor activity. Three men with full expression of the syndrome and a woman who is mosaic were heated in water-perfused suits until oral temperature was 1.4-1.7 degrees C above control. The men showed no sweat gland imprints on iodine-treated paper nor significant elevation in forearm blood flow (FBF, determined plethysmographically). In the woman, we observed sweat gland activity, approximately 9 and 22 glands/cm2, on the right and left side, respectively, and vasodilation, slight on the right and more on the left. Cutaneous vasoconstriction in response to negative pressure applied to the lower body was observed (3 subjects) and local FBF increased in response to local heating (2 subjects). Therefore, in AED, with apparently normal cutaneous vasculature and sympathetic innervation, AVD is absent as well as sweat glands.

The sweat glands of Ayrshire cattle

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
S. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Flank Region ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Secretory Products

1. An investigation has been made of the structure, distribution and dimensions of the so-called sweat glands in twenty-one different body regions of each of five 3- to 4-year-old Ayrshire cows, and incidental studies have been made on calves and embryos.2. It has been observed that in all those regions each hair follicle is accompanied by an arrector pili muscle, a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland. This combination has been designated a ‘hair follicle unit’.3. In the skin of embryos the sweat gland appears as a single unbranched tube and in the skin of calves and cows it is a bag-shaped gland with a long slender duct which opens on the skin surface as a funnel-shaped outlet.4. The gland is composed of two layers of cells, an outer myoepithelium and inner glandular epi thelium.5. What may be successive stages in the intraluminal transformation of the secretory products discharged by the gland cells lining the lumen, are illustrated by a series of photographs.6. The glands have a poor blood supply and appear to be apocrine. It is unlikely, therefore, that the sweat glands of Ayrshire cows function as effectively in heat regulation as human sweat glands.7. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was measured in all the regions. The average number was 1871 per sq.cm., ranging from about 1000 in the lower limbs to about 2500 in the axilla and neck regions.8. The length and circumference of the gland were measured, hence its secretory surface was calculated. The average area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland was 0·22 sq.mm., while the average area of secretory surface of the sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was 3·94 sq.cm. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of glands per sq.cm. and the area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland.9. The ventral region of the neck, the axilla and upper hindleg had the largest area of secretory surface per sq.cm. of skin, while the forehead, back (sacral), gluteus, lower foreleg and hindleg had the smallest.10. The only region which had a significantly smaller area of secreting surface than the front flank region was the sacral region of the back.

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