The sweat glands of Ayrshire cattle

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
S. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Flank Region ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Secretory Products

1. An investigation has been made of the structure, distribution and dimensions of the so-called sweat glands in twenty-one different body regions of each of five 3- to 4-year-old Ayrshire cows, and incidental studies have been made on calves and embryos.2. It has been observed that in all those regions each hair follicle is accompanied by an arrector pili muscle, a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland. This combination has been designated a ‘hair follicle unit’.3. In the skin of embryos the sweat gland appears as a single unbranched tube and in the skin of calves and cows it is a bag-shaped gland with a long slender duct which opens on the skin surface as a funnel-shaped outlet.4. The gland is composed of two layers of cells, an outer myoepithelium and inner glandular epi thelium.5. What may be successive stages in the intraluminal transformation of the secretory products discharged by the gland cells lining the lumen, are illustrated by a series of photographs.6. The glands have a poor blood supply and appear to be apocrine. It is unlikely, therefore, that the sweat glands of Ayrshire cows function as effectively in heat regulation as human sweat glands.7. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was measured in all the regions. The average number was 1871 per sq.cm., ranging from about 1000 in the lower limbs to about 2500 in the axilla and neck regions.8. The length and circumference of the gland were measured, hence its secretory surface was calculated. The average area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland was 0·22 sq.mm., while the average area of secretory surface of the sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was 3·94 sq.cm. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of glands per sq.cm. and the area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland.9. The ventral region of the neck, the axilla and upper hindleg had the largest area of secretory surface per sq.cm. of skin, while the forehead, back (sacral), gluteus, lower foreleg and hindleg had the smallest.10. The only region which had a significantly smaller area of secreting surface than the front flank region was the sacral region of the back.

Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. M. Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Dermal Papillae

The structure, distribution and dimensions of skin strata and sweat glands have been investigated in Egyptian buffaloes and cattle. Samples from sixteen body regions were taken from three adult bulls of both species. Identical studies were also made on one buffalo calf and two buffalo embryos. Serial vertical and horizontal sections were cut from each body region using the ‘terpineol paraffin wax’ method. The following results were obtained.1. Buffalo skin is characterized by dermal papillae enclosing papillomatous epidermis. The fibrous structure of the dermis is similar in both species. In buffaloes, the average thickness of skin, main epidermis, papillomatous epidermis, and cornium is 6·5 mm., 50, 115, and 11μ respectively. The epidermis coefficient is 12 for the main epidermis and 18 for the papillomatous epidermis. In cattle, the average thickness of skin, epidermis and cornium layer is 4·3 mm., 51 and 5 μ respectively, while the epidermis coefficient is 8.2. The average number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. Each hair follicle is accompanied by two large lobulated sebaceous glands in the buffalo, and one small bilobed gland in cattle.3. There is no species difference in the histology of the sweat glands. Each hair follicle is accompanied by one sweat gland in both species. In the buffalo, the body of the sweat gland is oval and convoluted, while the duct is twisted at its attachment to the body. In cattle, the body of the gland is elongated while the duct is straight. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. The dimensions of the sweat glands are larger in buffaloes than in cattle. The length, circumference and sweating surface of the gland is 0·58, 0·47, and 0·276 sq.mm. in the buffalo, and 0·47, 0·26, and 0·124 sq.mm. in cattle respectively. The glandular surface of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 1·07 sq.cm. in the buffalo and 3·08 sq.cm. in cattle.4. The type of sweat gland secretion is apocrine in both species. In the buffalo, successive stages of apocrine secretion are observed, and the merocrinelike form is rare. In cattle, the merocrine-like form prevails and the other stages are very rare. The theory (Findlay & Yang, 1950) of intraluminal transformation, of secretory products from coarse granularity to fluid homogeneity is supported. The effect of locality on the type of sweating activity is stressed.5. There are species differences in the distribution of blood vessels and capillaries. In the subepidermal level, the arterial branches are more frequent and superficial in buffaloes than in cattle. Capillaries are found in the dermal papillae of buffalo skin. The capillary loops encircling the hair follicle are more frequent in cattle than in buffaloes. The blood capillaries supplying the sebaceous glands are more numerous in the buffalo than in cattle. The blood supply of sweat glands is poor in both species.6. There are age differences in the skin histology. The number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin in a 5-months-old embryo, calf at birth, and adult buffaloes is 10560, 1248 and 400 respectively. There are no skin glands in the 1-month and 5-months-old embryos. The sweat gland in the calf is small in size and similar in structure to that of the adult. Calves have fewer sweat glands than adults.7. The body conformation and the degree of pigmentation are affected by species, breed and locality.8. The secreting activity of the sweat glands may be affected by the locality.9. It seems that there are species differences in the mechanism of heat convection and radiation, insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration, due to histological differences.

scholarly journals The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of European Cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcewan Jenkinson ◽  
T Nay
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Cattle

Measurements were made on the skins of 1363 cattle from different European breeds. The mean values of these measurements have been tabulated for each breed and the skin types present in each breed or group of breeds have been determined using sweat gland shape (LID) and hair follicle depth (FrY) as the principal bases of comparison.

Sweating rate at different body regions in cattle and its correlation with some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan ◽  
SM Donegan ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Body Regions

Sweating rates at five body regions on four Jersey and four Sahiwal x Jersey crossbred heifers were measured in a hot room under three treatments differing in temperature and duration. The correlations between sweating rate and some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin were examined. Differences in sweating rate between body regions, interactions between breed and body region in sweating rate, and differences in sweating rate for the various treatments were all shown to be statistically significant. There was no significant interaction between body regions and treatment in sweating rate.Between body regions within an animal, there was a positive correlation between sweat gland population density and sweating rate and a negative correlation between mean sweat gland volume and sweating rate. This negative correlation was associated with the fact that regions with high sweat gland population density also tended to have smaller sweat glands and vice versa. Indications of a positive correlation between the total sweat gland volume per unit area and sweating rate were also found, though none of these approached statistical significance.

The function of cattle sweat glands.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Ferguson ◽  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Hot Environments

Evidence is presented that the apocrine sweat glands of cattle have a temperature-regulating function. Under the stereo microscope, sweat droplets could be observed forming at the openings of the sweat gland ducts in response to intradermal injections of adrenaline, and during exposure to hot conditions. The sweat spots could be stained macroscopically, and prints showing the location of the spots were obtained with bromothymol blue papers pressed onto the skin surface. Quantitative measurements indicate that the evaporation of this sweat is the main source of heat loss in hot environments.

The morphology of bovine sweat glands and the effect of heat on the sweat glands of the Ayrshire calf

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
D. McEwan Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Hot Environment

1. The normal sweat glands of twenty-eight calves, nineteen live adult cattle and eighteen slaughtered cattle from temperate breeds were examined. In every animal the lumen of the sweat glands contained a fluid-like material.2. It appeared on examination and rough measurement that the size of the sweat glands taken from animals after slaughter was smaller than that of the glands taken from live animals even when the same sampling technique was used for both.3. The sweat glands of sixteen calves were examined before and at intervals after the animals had been subjected to a hot environment. The glands were always seen full of a fluid-like material.4. It is concluded that if the calf sweat gland is stimulated by heat stress it must function either (a) by simple diffusion through the sweat gland wall and hence to the skin surface, or (b) by a secretory process not involving degeneration of the glandular epithelium. It is probable that at least part of the contents of the lumen of the sweat glands is derived from the epithelium by a process of active secretion.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Cyclic Changes in the Hair Follicle and Sweat Gland Size in Cattle

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
AV Schleger
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cyclic Changes

The morphology of hair follicles has been studied in 23 Africander-Hereford crossbred yearlings. Eleven hair growth phases were recognized as a result of work on two animals. The piloapocrine units representing each phase have been illustrated by tracings. The mean length, diameter, length-diameter ratio, and area of sweat glands corresponding to each phase have been tabulated and illustrated.

Quantitative and morphological variation of sweat glands, skin thickness, and skin shrinkage over various body regions of Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Sampling Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

By comparison with Jerseys the sweat glands of Sahiwals were 70% longer, 55% wider, and 315% greater in mean volume. Total sweat gland volume per unit area of skin was 340%, greater and skin thickness was 60% greater, but skin shrinkage was 30%, less. The density of sweat glands was 1130/cm2 for Jerseys and 1200/cm2 for Sahiwals. In almost all animals the characters varied significantly between the various body positions, and in most cases showed trends. Values for the generally adopted midside sampling position were usually within 10% of the mean value for all positions. Sweat gland shape varied over the body. Most of the shapes observed in the two species were present in one position or another within each animal.

Human eccrine sweat gland activity and palmar electrical skin resistance

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Adams ◽  
John A. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Palmar Surface ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
Electrical Skin

Sweat gland activity, monitored as a function of the rate at which water vapor was removed from the skin surface (EWL), was measured simultaneously with electrical skin resistance (ESR) from adjacent 1-cm2 areas on the human palm. Both ESR and EWL, and Delta ESR and Delta EWL, were correlated throughout 20–30 min of testing during which the subject rested or participated in conversation. The ratio Delta ESR/Delta EWL was greater the lower the EWL level. As EWL approached diffusion levels (0.06 mg/min.cm2), ESR assumed the highest and most stable value (ca. 170 kilohms). Subject differences in ESR at high EWL rates and the pattern of ESR-EWL relationships through the range of sudomotor activity (0.06–0.18 mg/min.cm2) are attributed to individual variation in the density and activity of sweat glands on the palmar surface. The character of ESR-EWL correspondence was also seen to vary with the phase of sweating activity for any one subject. evaporative water loss; physiological testing; galvanic skin reflex; psychological testing; psychogalvanic reflex; sweat measurement Submitted on October 22, 1964

scholarly journals The use of 33 MHz ultra-high-frequency ultrasonography for the evaluation of sweat glands in the axilla with osmidrosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251600
Author(s):  
Akira Shinaoka ◽  
Ryuichi Nakahara ◽  
Masanori Saeki
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Ultra High Frequency ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography

Background This study aimed to assess the use of 33 MHz ultra-high-frequency ultrasonography (33MHz-UHFUS) for evaluating axillary sweat glands with osmidrosis in comparison with histological techniques. Axillary osmidrosis is a common problem in Asian societies, and the number and size of apocrine sweat glands have a strong relationship with osmidrosis severity. Currently, there are no methods to evaluate sweat gland distribution non-invasively. Methods In this study, 35 skin specimens from 10 fresh human cadavers without osmidrosis and retrospective ultrasonographic images from 20 patients with osmidrosis were used. Skin specimens were embedded in paraffin, thinly sliced, and finally stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histologically, the apocrine and eccrine glands were evaluated, and the top and bottom depths of follicles were measured from the skin surface. In 33 MHz ultrasonography images, the depths of sweat glands were measured, and the mean grey value was calculated using Image J. Results Compared to histological data, 33MHz-UHFUS could be used to identify sweat glands as a hyperechoic structure between the dermis and fat layer. Furthermore, it could evaluate sweat gland distribution but could not distinguish between types of sweat glands. Conclusions The distribution of sweat glands in the axilla can be non-invasively evaluated via 33MHz-UHFUS.

Morphology and development of an apoeccrine sweat gland in human axillae

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. R166-R180 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
R. Leidal ◽  
F. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Apocrine Gland ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Segmental Dilatation

Evidence is presented that in adult human axillae there exists a third type of sweat gland tentatively designated as the apoeccrine sweat gland. This type of gland shows a segmental or diffuse apocrinelike dilatation of its secretory tubule but has a long and thin duct which does not open into a hair follicle. The electron microscopy of its dilated segment is often indistinguishable from that of the classical apocrine gland. The less remarkably dilated segment of the apoeccrine gland tends to retain intercellular canaliculi and/or dark cells. These apoeccrine glands are consistently present in adult human axillae regardless of sex or race. In the axillae of the two 6-yr-old subjects, both classical apocrine and eccrine glands were present but no apoeccrine glands were found. Between 8–14 yr of age, the number of large eccrine glands with or without partial segmental dilatation gradually increased. At 16–18 yr of age, the number of apoeccrine glands increased to as high as 45% of the total axillary glands. The data support the notion that apoeccrine glands develop during puberty in the axillae from eccrine or eccrinelike sweat glands.

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