Effect of the Heat-exposure on Peripheral Sudomotor Activity Including the Density of Active Sweat Glands and Single Sweat Gland Output

Many investigators have demonstrated that sympathetic sudomotor activity sufficient to cause visible sweating is accompanied by a decrease in electrical skin resistance (ESR). Furthermore, the reciprocal of resistance (conductance) was shown to be linearly related to the amount of perspiration and the number of visibly active sweat glands. The present study examines the relationship of ESR to sweat-gland activation under apparently nonsweating circumstances, and clarifies the significance of topographical differences in ESR observed in human studies conducted at moderate (nonsweating) temperatures; results also suggest a neural influence on insensible perspiration. Comparisons in adjacent high- and low-resistance areas were made of the sweat gland responses produced by intradermal injections of drugs that directly stimulate sweat glands. When just-threshold quantities of acetylcholine (ACh), pilocarpine, or epinephrine were used, the low-resistance areas always responded with more numerous activated glands. When both high- and low-resistance areas were injected with procaine approximately 10 min prior to ACh injection, activated sweat gland response was essentially similar in both areas. At moderate temperatures, sweat glands evidently receive sudomotor impulses at a rate that does not produce visible sweating, but does increase transcutaneous water transfer and electrolyte conductance Submitted on February 21, 1961

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Absence of active cutaneous vasodilation associated with congenital absence of sweat glands in humans

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1981.240.4.h571 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 240 (4) ◽

pp. H571-H575 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. L. Brengelmann ◽

P. R. Freund ◽

L. B. Rowell ◽

J. E. Olerud ◽

K. K. Kraning

Keyword(s):

Sweat Gland ◽

Forearm Blood Flow ◽

Local Heating ◽

Sympathetic Innervation ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽

Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽

Sudomotor Activity ◽

The Right ◽

Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

In the rare syndrome, hereditary anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED), sweat glands are congenitally absent. Assuming normal vasculature and normal central mechanisms, presence or absence of active cutaneous vasodilation (AVD) in hyperthermic subjects with AED critically tests the hypothesis that AVD is a consequence of sudomotor activity. Three men with full expression of the syndrome and a woman who is mosaic were heated in water-perfused suits until oral temperature was 1.4-1.7 degrees C above control. The men showed no sweat gland imprints on iodine-treated paper nor significant elevation in forearm blood flow (FBF, determined plethysmographically). In the woman, we observed sweat gland activity, approximately 9 and 22 glands/cm2, on the right and left side, respectively, and vasodilation, slight on the right and more on the left. Cutaneous vasoconstriction in response to negative pressure applied to the lower body was observed (3 subjects) and local FBF increased in response to local heating (2 subjects). Therefore, in AED, with apparently normal cutaneous vasculature and sympathetic innervation, AVD is absent as well as sweat glands.

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Human eccrine sweat gland activity and palmar electrical skin resistance

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1965.20.5.980 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 980-983 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Thomas Adams ◽

John A. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

Sweat Gland ◽

Skin Resistance ◽

Skin Surface ◽

Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Evaporative Water ◽

Palmar Surface ◽

The Subject ◽

Sudomotor Activity ◽

Electrical Skin

Sweat gland activity, monitored as a function of the rate at which water vapor was removed from the skin surface (EWL), was measured simultaneously with electrical skin resistance (ESR) from adjacent 1-cm2 areas on the human palm. Both ESR and EWL, and Delta ESR and Delta EWL, were correlated throughout 20–30 min of testing during which the subject rested or participated in conversation. The ratio Delta ESR/Delta EWL was greater the lower the EWL level. As EWL approached diffusion levels (0.06 mg/min.cm2), ESR assumed the highest and most stable value (ca. 170 kilohms). Subject differences in ESR at high EWL rates and the pattern of ESR-EWL relationships through the range of sudomotor activity (0.06–0.18 mg/min.cm2) are attributed to individual variation in the density and activity of sweat glands on the palmar surface. The character of ESR-EWL correspondence was also seen to vary with the phase of sweating activity for any one subject. evaporative water loss; physiological testing; galvanic skin reflex; psychological testing; psychogalvanic reflex; sweat measurement Submitted on October 22, 1964

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Locomotory energetics in a marsupial, Setonix Brachyurus

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9770423 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 423 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

RV Baudinette

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Stride Length ◽

Stride Frequency ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Total Production ◽

Gait Patterns ◽

Similar Body ◽

Active Sweat Glands

The gait patterns, rates of oxygen consumption, body temperature and sweat gland activity were examined in S. brachyurus during locomotion on a treadmill. At speeds up to 12.6 km h-1 the animal moved in a quadrupedal bound occasionally punctuated by six or seven hops. At the higher speeds within this range, stride frequency became relatively constant and increases in stride length were the primary determinants of increased speed. Rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly with speed of locomotion up to 7.6 km h-1; above this range the animals would not run for prolonged periods when wearing a gas collection mask. The gradient of this line was similar to that predicted for a eutherian of similar body mass, but the extrapolation to zero speed was much higher than found in other mammals. As the quokka increased speed, a greater proportion of the heat produced while running was stored. At 7.6 km h-1, this was 60% of the total production. Active sweat glands were demonstrated on the limbs and feet during locomotion.

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Instrumentation for Concurrent, Dynamic Monitoring of Active Sweat Glands and Perspiration Volume

Instrumentation Science & Technology ◽

10.1080/10739149709351446 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 39-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tomoya Kamei ◽

Ken Naitoh ◽

Koji Nakashima ◽

Toshio Ohhashi ◽

Shinya Kitagawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Monitoring ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Active Sweat Glands

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The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of European Cattle

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9720585 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D Mcewan Jenkinson ◽

T Nay

Keyword(s):

Hair Follicle ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

European Cattle

Measurements were made on the skins of 1363 cattle from different European breeds. The mean values of these measurements have been tabulated for each breed and the skin types present in each breed or group of breeds have been determined using sweat gland shape (LID) and hair follicle depth (FrY) as the principal bases of comparison.

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RECURRENT MALIGNANT APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND CARCINOMA - A CASE REPORT

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i4.40777 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

AKHILA JANGA ◽

MOHAMMED ZIAUDDIN ◽

RAVI CHANDER PATLOLLA

Keyword(s):

Local Excision ◽

Wide Local Excision ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Early Stage ◽

Case Reports ◽

Case Series ◽

Biological Behavior ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Second Phase ◽

Apocrine Carcinoma

Apocrine carcinomas arise from normal or modified sweat glands. The slow-growing nature and rarity of sweat gland carcinomas complicate their diagnosis at the early stage. The incidence of PASGC is quite low at 0.0049–0.0173 cases/100,000 persons/year. A 21-year-old male patient was presented in February 2016 with small solitary mass in the right axilla with mild tenderness and pain. Underwent wide local excision and axillary dissection at our institution followed by adjuvant radio and chemotherapy. Later on, after 18 months developed local recurrence and was planned for re-surgery and a second phase of palliative radiotherapy. After a year, presented to the hospital with pin sized irregular swelling in the axilla. Sweat gland carcinomas which are rarely diagnosed create a pathological dilemma due to their unpredicted biological behavior. However, wide local excision with or without nodal dissection is the primary treatment till date. In this particular case even though patient had underwent axillary node dissection, patient had recurrence twice with no distant metastasis which is a key point to be noted. Thorough study of the available apocrine carcinoma case reports or case series, the better knowledge regarding the apocrine carcinoma can be obtained.

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S-100 protein: an immunohistochemical study of fetal eccrine sweat glands and of sweat gland adenomas

Immunodermatology ◽

10.1016/b978-0-407-00338-5.50021-1 ◽

1984 ◽

pp. 65-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N.S. Penneys ◽

M. Nadji ◽

B.E. Buck ◽

R. Kott-Blumenkranz

Keyword(s):

Sweat Gland ◽

Immunohistochemical Study ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

S 100 ◽

Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽

Eccrine Sweat

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The thickness of cattle skin

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9550776 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 776 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

DF Dowling

Keyword(s):

Bos Taurus ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Hot Environment ◽

Early Maturing ◽

The Mean ◽

Critical Characteristics ◽

Thick Skin ◽

Active Sweat Glands

The mean total skin thicknesses (mm) for the breeds sampled were: Devon 8.15, Hereford 6.7, Zebu cross 6.43, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn 6.23, Friesian 6.0, Zebu 5.77, Aberdeen Angus 5.75, Shorthorn 5.69, and Jersey 5.46. The early maturing Shorthorn (Bos taurus L.) and the Zebu (Bos indicus L.) differed significantly in the depth of the papillary and reticular layers, and in the relative thickness of these skin layers. The mean thickness for the papillary layer; was 0.98 mm in the Zebu, 1.40 mm in the Zebu cross, and 1.70 mm in the Shorthorn. Thus the larger, more active sweat glands of the Zebu are more superficial. The corresponding reticular layer averaged 4.45 mm in the Zebu, 4.5 mm in the Zebu cross, and 4.08 mm in the Shorthorn. The thickness of the papillary layer relative to the total skin thickness was 18.3, 23.7, and 29.3 per cent., for the Zebu, Zebu cross, and Shorthorn respectively. The Zebu and the Jersey have relatively thin skins. Therefore a thick skin is not essential for adaptability to a hot environment. Inherent differences in the function of the follicles and the glands of the papillary layer may be critical characteristics for heat tolerance.

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Effect of physical training on peripheral sweat production

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.811 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 811-814 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

M. J. Buono ◽

N. T. Sjoholm

Keyword(s):

Physical Training ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Sweat Rate ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Peripheral Mechanism ◽

Sweat Production ◽

Sedentary Women

The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo secretory activity of sweat glands from sedentary and trained subjects. Peripheral sweat production was determined using pilocarpine iontophoresis in 40 volunteers (10 sedentary men, 10 endurance-trained men, 10 sedentary women, 10 endurance-trained women). Peripheral sweat rate was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in trained men [6.9 +/- 0.6 (SE) g.m2.min-1] and women (6.1 +/- 0.7) compared with sedentary men (3.1 +/- 0.5) and women (2.5 +/- 0.4). Furthermore, peripheral sweat rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.73) with maximal O2 uptake. The above two findings would suggest that physical training improves the secretory activity of the human sweat gland. Such a result supports previous findings that have suggested that the potentiation in sweating seen after training is achieved via a peripheral mechanism. In addition, several gender-related differences were found in the sudorific response of men and women. Specifically, women have a significantly greater sweat gland density, whereas men have a greater sweat production per gland.

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